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Research Progress on Regulatory T Cell Differentiation and Regulation
Jing Feng,
Zhaoxin Mu,
Zhenjiang Hou
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, May 2020
Pages:
25-34
Received:
10 April 2020
Published:
8 June 2020
Abstract: Regulatory T cells (Treg) are a subset of T cells with immunosuppressive functions. According to the source and mechanism of Treg cells, they are divided into natural regulatory T cells (nTreg) and induced regulatory T cells (iTreg). According to the different properties of secreted cytokines, they are divided into two types: pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cells. Pro-inflammatory Treg cells that secrete IFN-ã are closely related to the development of autoimmune diseases, while anti-inflammatory Treg cells that secrete IL-10 can reduce the development of slow inflammation. In addition to secreting a variety of inhibitory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-â, Treg cells also exert immunosuppressive effects through direct contact among cells to jointly maintain the body's immune tolerance and suppress immune responses. By suppressing the autoimmune response of effector T cells and promoting immune tolerance, it has a very important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the body. The differentiation and regulation of Treg cells and their relationship with autoimmune diseases have been hotspots in the field of immunology in recent years. This article reviews the source of Treg, differentiation regulation, classification, markers, functions and mechanisms of action so as to deepen the understanding of Treg cell differentiation and immune regulation mechanisms, and further broaden the research horizon and thinking.
Abstract: Regulatory T cells (Treg) are a subset of T cells with immunosuppressive functions. According to the source and mechanism of Treg cells, they are divided into natural regulatory T cells (nTreg) and induced regulatory T cells (iTreg). According to the different properties of secreted cytokines, they are divided into two types: pro-inflammatory and a...
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Two Year Experience with Tolvaptan in Patients with Rapidly Progressing Polycystic Kidney Disease
Covadonga López del Moral Cuesta,
Gema Fernández Fresnedo,
Luis Martín Penagos,
Jaime Mazón Ruiz,
Marina De Cos Gómez,
José Luis Pérez Canga,
Mara Serrano Soto,
Milagros Heras Vicario,
Emilio Rodrigo Calabia,
Juan Carlos Ruiz San Millán
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, May 2020
Pages:
35-41
Received:
19 November 2019
Accepted:
5 December 2019
Published:
9 June 2020
Abstract: Background: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a genetic disorder in which patients progress to end stage chronic kidney disease. Tolvaptan, vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, has been postulated as an effective treatment to slow this progression. METHOD: All patients with ADPKD in whom treatment with tolvaptan was initiated were selected, with follow-up until 30 June 2019. The initial dose was 45/15 mg/day, with monthly titration at 60/30 mg and 90/30 mg. Monthly anthropometric, analytical and adverse effects were collected. RESULT: We present results from of 12 patients (mean age 39.8 +/- 7.3 years; 4 men and 8 women). 100% of the patients were selected to start tolvaptan because they had evidence of rapidly progressing disease, with a confirmed annual estimated filtration rate (eGFR) decline ≥5 mL/min/1.73m2 in 1 year, and/or ≥2.5 mL/min/1.73m2 per year over a period of 5 years. All patients had symptoms derived from aquaresis from the beginning of treatment. A decline in eGFR was observed in all patients after starting tolvaptan, dropping 38,8% from its baseline in one patient. In two patients the drug was temporarily discontinued due to hepatotoxicity, with subsequent recovery. Conclusion: Symptoms derived from aquaresis are very common and it is not known if they can limit the tolerability of the drug. An initial decline of the eGFR is observed during the follow-up. Close monitoring of liver function is important because of the potential hepatotoxicity of tolvaptan. More follow-up time is needed to asses the long-term efficacy and safety of tolvaptan.
Abstract: Background: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a genetic disorder in which patients progress to end stage chronic kidney disease. Tolvaptan, vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, has been postulated as an effective treatment to slow this progression. METHOD: All patients with ADPKD in whom treatment with tolvaptan was initiated w...
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Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Breast Self-Examination Among Female Students in Debre Birhan University, North Shewa Ethiopia
Tesfa Mengie,
Andargie Yifru,
Asfaw Fikre,
Woldetsadik Niguse,
Damen Demsie,
Meseret Ekubay
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, May 2020
Pages:
42-48
Received:
17 May 2020
Accepted:
1 June 2020
Published:
16 June 2020
Abstract: Breast Self-Examination is a method where by women examines their breasts regularly to detect any abnormal swelling or lumps in order to seek prompt medical attention. Knowledge, attitude and practice towards breast self-examination is important among females for screening, early detection and diagnosis of breast Cancer. Objective of the Study was to determine knowledge, attitude and practice regarding breast self-examination among female students in Debre Birhan University, 2013. Institutional based cross sectional study design was used among 374 students. Simple random sampling was used. Data was entered onto Epi Data version 3.01, exported to and analyzed by SPSS version 20 statistical software. From the total of 367 participants 170 (46.3%) had heard about breast self-examination while most 197 (53.7%) had never heard about it. The commonest source of information about breast self-examination was media 118 (69.4%). Majority 273 (74.4%) of the respondents had poor knowledge, most 289 (78.7%) of the respondents had negative attitude and majority 281 (76.6%) of the respondents had poor practice of breast self-examination. Practices have associations with academic year, department and media exposure. Generally, in this study knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self-examination was unsatisfactory. Poor practice is an indication of poor knowledge and negative attitude. Programs should be strengthened about breast self-examination and its importance for early detection of breast cancer.
Abstract: Breast Self-Examination is a method where by women examines their breasts regularly to detect any abnormal swelling or lumps in order to seek prompt medical attention. Knowledge, attitude and practice towards breast self-examination is important among females for screening, early detection and diagnosis of breast Cancer. Objective of the Study was ...
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Utilization of Emergency Contraception and Associated Factors Among Vocational College Female Students in Shashemene Town, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2018
Hailu Fekadu,
Buli Teshite,
Getu Teshome,
Roza Amdemichael,
Mesfin Tafa
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, May 2020
Pages:
49-55
Received:
19 May 2020
Accepted:
1 June 2020
Published:
20 June 2020
Abstract: Background: Emergency contraception is a method to prevent unwanted or unintended pregnancies that could happen after unprotected sexual intercourse. It is a type of modern contraception that can be used following wrong use of contraception. In Ethiopia studies conducted in health facilities showed that unintended pregnancies and unprotected sexual intercourse are causing major reproductive health problems to adolescents. Objective: to assess the utilization of emergency contraception and associated factors among Technical and Vocational education training college female students in Shashemene town from June 10 – 30/2018. Method: an institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among Shashemene town Technical and Vocational education training college female students in June 2018. Collected data was entered into EPIINF version 7 and exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. Association between dependent and independent variable was assessed using adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and p-value for statistical significance (<0.05). Result: a total of 476 female students were participated in our study out of these, one hundred forty six (30.7%) of the respondents knew presence of emergency contraception and 58 (12.2%) of them had encountered unprotected sexual intercourse. Out of those who encountered unprotected sexual intercourse 42 (72.4%) had used emergency contraception. However, 17 (29.3%) of the respondents who reported unprotected sexual intercourse had history of unwanted pregnancy. Monthly family income was significantly associated with the utilization of emergency contraception (AOR=4.41 (95% CI: 1.44-13.48)). Conclusion: Unprotected sexual intercourse and unwanted pregnancy were available among study participants. Knowledge of emergency contraception among the study participants was low.
Abstract: Background: Emergency contraception is a method to prevent unwanted or unintended pregnancies that could happen after unprotected sexual intercourse. It is a type of modern contraception that can be used following wrong use of contraception. In Ethiopia studies conducted in health facilities showed that unintended pregnancies and unprotected sexual...
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