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Uses Impact of Betel Leaf (Piper betle L.) on Public Health
Md. Farid Hossain,
Mustafa Anwar,
Shaheen Akhtar,
Sharker Md. Numan
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
408-410
Received:
26 September 2015
Accepted:
11 October 2015
Published:
13 September 2017
Abstract: This review paper focus on the uses and health impact of betel leaf (Piper betle L.). The betel plant belongs to the family Piperaceae. Traditionally betel leaf is chewing after taking meal having significant medicinal properties and nutritional values. It contains some vitamins, minerals and produce enzyme that helps in digestion and work as mouth freshener. Literature shows that the leaf has a significant antimicrobial activity against broad spectrum of microorganisms. The betel leaf is predominantly consumed as betel quid, which is a mixture of substances areca nut, tobacco and lime. Some reports may suggest that betel quid has adverse health effects but most of the findings show that the betel leaf has many medicinal benefits and it has no adverse effects.
Abstract: This review paper focus on the uses and health impact of betel leaf (Piper betle L.). The betel plant belongs to the family Piperaceae. Traditionally betel leaf is chewing after taking meal having significant medicinal properties and nutritional values. It contains some vitamins, minerals and produce enzyme that helps in digestion and work as mouth...
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Determinants of Safe Delivery Service Utilization Among Women of Childbearing Age in Egela Sub-Woreda, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
Andemariyam Yohannes Moges,
Tamene Naba Yaya
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
411-418
Received:
19 September 2016
Accepted:
7 October 2016
Published:
23 September 2017
Abstract: Maternal mortality and morbidity in Ethiopia is among the highest in the world. Community based studies about factors affecting safe delivery service utilization are scanty only few studies done showed that professional assisted delivery is low in the country; particularly in Tigray region where the study was conducted. Community based cross-sectional survey was conducted in subworeda Egela, Tigray Central Zone, Northern Ethiopia on assessment of safe delivery service utilization and associated factors in mothers of childbearing age from March 05, 2011- July 05, 2011. The data was collected using interviewer administered questionnaire on a sample of 380 mothers residing in the Sub-woreda. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS 16.0. Possible associations and statistical significance was measured using Odds ratio at 95% CI, and P-value of <0.05. Multivariate regression analysis was carried out to identify predictors of safe delivery services utilization. The study revealed that 25% of the urban and 6.3% of the rural women deliver at health institutions. The socio-demographic variables such as age during interview, residency, marital status, educational status of the women, levels of education attended, monthly income, family size, husband occupation, distance of health institution and obstetric factors found to have statistically significant association with institutional delivery. The monthly income and women higher educational level were independent predictors for safe delivery service utilization. In conclusion, this study revealed that the proportion of institutional delivery was unsatisfactory. The monthly income and mothers’ educational status were determinant factors. Therefore, empowering women, providing health education & establishing centers for emergency obstetric care in accessible areas are used to tackle the problem.
Abstract: Maternal mortality and morbidity in Ethiopia is among the highest in the world. Community based studies about factors affecting safe delivery service utilization are scanty only few studies done showed that professional assisted delivery is low in the country; particularly in Tigray region where the study was conducted. Community based cross-sectio...
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Delays for Utilizing Institutional Delivery and Associated Factors Among Mothers Attending Public Health Facility in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia
Alemu Lire,
Abera Beyamo,
Degefa Tadele,
Wolde Facha
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
419-427
Received:
29 July 2017
Accepted:
21 August 2017
Published:
28 September 2017
Abstract: Labour and delivery are the shortest and most critical period during pregnancy and childbirth. The major factors that contribute to maternal death in developing countries are: delay in deciding to seek care, identifying and reaching medical facility, and receiving adequate and appropriate treatment. The study aimed to determine delays in institutional delivery and associated factors among mothers attending public health facilities, southern Ethiopia. Facility based Cross sectional study was employed on 397 labouring mothers attending Negist Elene Mohamed memorial general hospital. The sample size was determined by using single population proportion formula and the data were collected consecutively until the required sample sizes achieved. Descriptive data analysis was conducted to identify summary values and multiple logistic regressions were performed to identify independent predictors for the delays. All the analysis was done using SPSS for windows version 16.0. A total of 384 labouring mothers were participated in this study. The proportion of mothers who exhibited the first delay was 154(40.1%). Maternal unemployment [AOR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.118, 5.441]; husband educational status [AOR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.204, 4.408]; and antenatal care visit [AOR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.277, 0.713] were the independent predictors of the first delay. Mothers who experienced the second delay were 114(29.7%). For this delay, distance [AOR, 14; CI, 7.895, 26.558]; uneducated mothers [AOR, 3; 95% CI, 1.397, 6.711]; and means of transportation [AOR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.314, 0.995] were determinants. Mothers who experienced the 3rd delay were 125(32.6%). The main predictors were multiple referral levels [AOR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.068, 0.347]; absence of care provider [AOR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.060, 2.697]; and lengthy admission process [AOR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.279, 3.776]. The very high percentage of each delay in this study suggests low utilization of emergency obstetric care among labouring mothers.
Abstract: Labour and delivery are the shortest and most critical period during pregnancy and childbirth. The major factors that contribute to maternal death in developing countries are: delay in deciding to seek care, identifying and reaching medical facility, and receiving adequate and appropriate treatment. The study aimed to determine delays in institutio...
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Usage of Long Acting Reversible Contraceptive Methods among Women Who Want No More Children, In-Depth Analysis of the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2005
Seyfu Abebe Desta,
Alemayehu Worku
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
428-439
Received:
20 September 2017
Accepted:
28 September 2017
Published:
6 November 2017
Abstract: Problem Statement: The Long Acting Reversible Contraceptive Methods were known to provide different benefits for the client and the health system when compared with the short acting methods. Despite these advantages, these methods are underutilized in the world in general and in Ethiopia in particular with a prevalence rate of 0.2%. Detrmining the factors for usage of Long Acting Reversible Contraceptives among women who want no more children not only help to plan interventions and increase their utilization of these methods but also will have significant contribution to improve the health system provision due to the diversified benefit. The objective of this study was to figure out the main factor that determines the use of long acting reversible contraceptive methods among current users who want no more children in 2005 in Ethiopia. The in-depth analysis of this study was based on the Ethiopian Demography and Health survey conducted on 2005 G. C. Data pertaining to this study was taken from the survey and analyzed using SPSS 19. Multiple binary logistics regressions were used to find relationship between the independent and dependent variable using Complex survey analysis. After adjusting for demographic and reproductive health characteristics, highest education attained, ever had a terminated pregnancy, heard Family planning on radio, told about FP by health or FP worker and decision maker on use of contraception were found to be determinants for the use of Long Acting Reversible Contraceptives. The study has identified highest level of education attained, ever had a terminated pregnancy, heard FP on radio and decision maker on using contraception were found to be determinates. Approaches that address the mentioned factors will significantly enhance the use of the Long Acting Reversible Contraceptives in this subpopulation.
Abstract: Problem Statement: The Long Acting Reversible Contraceptive Methods were known to provide different benefits for the client and the health system when compared with the short acting methods. Despite these advantages, these methods are underutilized in the world in general and in Ethiopia in particular with a prevalence rate of 0.2%. Detrmining the ...
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Evaluation of the Relationship Between Oral Diseases and Glycemic Control in Insulin Dependent Diabetic (IDD) Children Cared in Health Center of Dakar / Senegal
Aida Kanouté,
Mbathio Diop,
Boubacar Samba Dankoko,
Cheikh Mouhamadou Mbacké Lo,
Daouda Faye
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
440-445
Received:
13 September 2017
Accepted:
8 October 2017
Published:
8 November 2017
Abstract: Oral diseases are among the foremost complications observed due to diabetes. Diabetic patients are more likely to develop serious gum diseases which contribute to the worsening of diabetes by causing a disruption of blood glucose. The study aims to investigate the relationship between oral disease and IDD in children in the Marc SANKALE health center of Dakar. The oral examination was based on oral hygiene and caries status. The main results obtained contain the following: unbalanced supply for 17.9% cases, good glycemic control was observed in 19.6% of the cases, irregular brushing was reported in 76.8% of the total cases under consideration, the average moderate gingival inflammation and oral hygiene was observed in 80.4% cases. Glycemic balance influenced by some other factors such as: age, gender, parental occupation, education level, job insecurity, additional health coverage, care seeking and tooth brushing (OR > 1). An awareness of the importance of good oral hygiene will contribute to the diabetic balanced control or to treat diabetes.
Abstract: Oral diseases are among the foremost complications observed due to diabetes. Diabetic patients are more likely to develop serious gum diseases which contribute to the worsening of diabetes by causing a disruption of blood glucose. The study aims to investigate the relationship between oral disease and IDD in children in the Marc SANKALE health cent...
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The Impact of El Niño on Diarrheal Disease Incidence: A Systematic Review
Solomon Demissie,
Bezatu Mengisitie
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
446-451
Received:
22 March 2017
Accepted:
5 April 2017
Published:
17 November 2017
Abstract: Climate change is becoming a huge threat to the health especially for those from developing countries. Diarrhea is one of the major diseases linked with changing climate. Global climate change is expected to increase the risk of diarrheal diseases, a leading cause of childhood mortality. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a climate event that originates in the Pacific Ocean but has wide-ranging consequences for weather around the world, and is especially associated with droughts and floods. An El Niño occurs approximately every 3 to 7 years when warm equatorial water shifts from Western to Eastern Pacific ocean. However, there is uncertainty about the impact of climate change/ESNO on the transmission of diarrheal pathogens and diarrhea disease. The aim of this systematical review is to examine the impact of El Niño on diarrheal disease incidence in children and adults. An extensive literature review was conducted in January 2017 using electronic databases Google Scholar, PubMed, and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). The review was limited to studies reporting the impacts of El Niño on diarrheal diseases or studying associations between climate change associated with El Niño and diarrheal diseases outcomes. Over 2600 scholarly papers and potential published articles identified in the initial electronic search, of which 30 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Evidence for an association between disease risk and ENSO is more robust when analyses use a long time-series that incorporate more than one event and when there is an appropriate geographical aggregation of data. On the basis of the evidence available, this review primarily draws upon observational studies. The result of this systematic review confirmed that most of the studies noted a significant association between diarrheal disease and El Niño. However, research on the impact of El Nino/climate change on diarrhoeal disease is limited. Longitudinal studies over extended periods of time that investigate the link between El Nino/climate change and diarrheal disease are needed. There is a need for studies to be expanded to include more countries in the region and to include other environmental, social and economic factors that might affect the incidence of diarrheal disease.
Abstract: Climate change is becoming a huge threat to the health especially for those from developing countries. Diarrhea is one of the major diseases linked with changing climate. Global climate change is expected to increase the risk of diarrheal diseases, a leading cause of childhood mortality. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a climate event that o...
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The Prevalence, Trend, and Associated Demographic Factors of Neural Tube Defects at Orotta National Referral Maternity Hospital, Asmara: Retrospective Record Review Study
Dawit Estifanos,
Elias Teages Adgoy,
Dawit Sereke,
Birhane Zekarias,
Suzan Marzolf,
Kifleyesus Tedla
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
452-456
Received:
5 October 2017
Accepted:
23 October 2017
Published:
17 November 2017
Abstract: Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) are congenital structural abnormalities of the brain (anencephaly) and vertebral column (spina bifida) that represented as one of the most common congenital malformations of neonates worldwide. A four-year and eight months (January 1st, 2007 to August 31st, 2011) retrospective record review study on prevalence, trend, and associated demographic factors of NTD was conducted at Orotta National Referral Maternity Hospital, Asmara, Eritrea. The prevalence, trend and associated demographic factors were assessed by data extraction from hospital delivery register and patient cards. Associations between variables of maternal age, parity, and infant gender and primary outcomes were determined using χ2 analyses and Poisson regression modeled cumulative incidence and controlled for confounders. Out of 39, 803 total deliveries 185 neonates were found to have NTDs related abnormalities, but 156 neonates identified with complete and well-documented registers, medical records and charts showing a prevalence of 3.9 per 1000 deliveries. The most commonly identified NTDs were Anencephaly 75(48.1%), Hydrocephalus 29 (18.6%), Spina bifida 27 (17.3%), and Multiple NTDs 25 (16.0%). Marital status, ethnicity, religion, and maternal history of abortion were found to have no enough evidence, but women who delivered neonates with NTDs who had parity less than four 125 (80.1%) and age below 30 years 108 (69.2%)were observed to have higher chances. All the Anencephalic neonates were delivered by vaginal delivery, Majority (66 (88%)) with a weight of less than 2000 grams and were female by sex 55(74.3%); whereas 13(44.8%) Hydrocephalic neonates were delivered by Caesarian section and 26 (92.9%) had a weight greater than 2000 grams. The Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration(APGAR) score results were founded to be zero for all anencephalic neonates and for 17 (74%) of multiple NTD; while 40 percent of and 46 percent of neonates with spina bifida and hydrocephalus, respectively, had no APGAR at five minutes. Over the years of the study a significant increase in the trend of NTDs were observed, mainly that of anencephaly. The increase was 1.5 percent (p < 0.05). The results of Poisson analysis indicated an exceptional statistically significant increase of anencephaly only. The trend of NTDs in neonates was observed to increase significantly, mainly anencephaly. The study findings noted younger women (less than 30 years) and with parity less than four were at higher risk than those of older age and higher parity. NTDs can be prevented and reduced with folic acid supplementation and fortification of principal foods.
Abstract: Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) are congenital structural abnormalities of the brain (anencephaly) and vertebral column (spina bifida) that represented as one of the most common congenital malformations of neonates worldwide. A four-year and eight months (January 1st, 2007 to August 31st, 2011) retrospective record review study on prevalence, trend, and...
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Prevalence, Presenting Complaints, Risk Factors and Comorbidity of Acute Coronary Syndrome at Orotta National Referral Hospital Intensive Care Unit Eritrea: Retrospective Study
Elias Teages Adgoy,
Yemane Seyoum,
Abiel Berhe,
Yoseph Tewolde,
Fitsum Kibreab
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
457-463
Received:
10 October 2017
Accepted:
7 November 2017
Published:
17 November 2017
Abstract: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) being one of the major manifestations of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, it ranks a third for all deaths above the age of 35 in developed countries. It is the principal cause of mortality globally for greater than 4.5 million people in the developing world with a relative lack of preventive measures implemented. Eighty percent of deaths due to Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) occur in developing countries. CHD rates are expected to increase in developing countries mainly South East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East; from 9 million in 1990 to 19 million by 2020. This Retrospective study was carried out to assess the Prevalence, Presenting Complaints, Risk factors and Comorbidity of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) at Orotta National Referral Hospital Intensive Care Unit, Asmara, Eritrea. Hospital based Retrospective record review study of ten years was done on clinical cards of patients. The study results revealed an overall prevalence of 8.5 percent. ACS was observed to increase with an increasing age, being higher in 164 patients (55%) who are in the age group greater than sixty. Majority (86.6%) of admissions were reported as from zoba Maekel. It was observed to increase in males than females with 3.66 to 1 ratio of male to female. Chest pain was documented as a chief complaint (85.23%). The average length of hospital stay until discharged or death was found to be 11 days. Comorbidity between Hypertension, Diabetes and ACS was documented as 55.4 percent showing a significant association (P Value= 0.001). The study results also revealed a significant association between sex and, NSTEMI and STEMI at a P- value = 0.003, but no any association was found among NSTEMI and STEMI, and age, smoking, cholesterol level, Diabetes and Hypertension. In conclusion, this study revealed that ACS is increasing in Eritrea as any other developed and developing countries. The association between sex and, NSTEMI and STEMI which may be attributed to modifiable behavioral risk factors that are gender related. Therefore, the study recommends to Clinicians to ask and record, family history of premature CHD death, duration of Diabetes, Hypertension and other chronic cardio-pulmonary diseases, all diagnostic investigations and specific medications that are used for the management of the disease and good outcome.
Abstract: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) being one of the major manifestations of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, it ranks a third for all deaths above the age of 35 in developed countries. It is the principal cause of mortality globally for greater than 4.5 million people in the developing world with a relative lack of preventive measures implemented....
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Determinants of Vaccination Coverage Against Human Papillomavirus in 10-year-old Girls in 2016 in Rural Senegal
Adama Faye,
Sidy Ndiaye,
Khadim Niang,
Mamadou Ndiaye,
Anta Tal-Dia
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
464-468
Received:
16 September 2017
Accepted:
11 October 2017
Published:
24 November 2017
Abstract: Cervical cancer is the first gynecological cancer in Senegal. As part of the cancer control plan, the Ministry of Health and Social Action conducted a pilot phase of HPV vaccination in the districts of Dakar and Mekhe between 2014 and 2016. The objective of this survey is to study the determinants of HPV vaccination coverage in 10-year-old girls in 2016 in the Mekhe health district. This is a descriptive cross-sectional epidemiological study for analytical purposes. A two-stage survey was conducted. The data were collected during an individual interview at the homes of the mothers. The compendium focused on personal characteristics, knowledge and practices on immunization. Full vaccination coverage was determined. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with immunization coverage. Respondents were 300 The mean age was 35 ± 9.64 years. Mothers who knew how to prevent cervical cancer were 171 or 57% [95% CI: 51.2-62.7]. Immunization coverage for girls aged 10 years was 86.3% [95% CI: 81.9-90.0]. The discontinuation between the first and second dose of the vaccine was 6.5% [95% CI: 3.9-10.1]. HPV vaccine coverage was related to the residence environment (OR = 3, 18 [95% CI: 1.34-7.56]); (OR = 22.02, [95% CI: 4.2-113.4]) and information for mothers (OR = 10.92 [95% CI: 2.93-40.64]). Vaccination against HPV is a preventive activity that requires the collaboration with the education sector and a good proximity communication.
Abstract: Cervical cancer is the first gynecological cancer in Senegal. As part of the cancer control plan, the Ministry of Health and Social Action conducted a pilot phase of HPV vaccination in the districts of Dakar and Mekhe between 2014 and 2016. The objective of this survey is to study the determinants of HPV vaccination coverage in 10-year-old girls in...
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Predictive Value of Serum Lipid Ratio and Homocysteine Determination in Hypothyroidism Complicated with Coronary Heart Disease
Yuzhi Liu,
Zhenjiang Hou,
Jingyu Zhang,
Jianzhang Hou,
Hongsheng Wang
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
469-473
Received:
5 December 2017
Published:
6 December 2017
Abstract: In recent years, with the improvement of detection technology and medical level, the incidence of hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism and coronary heart disease was increasing year by year and patients were often associated with significant reduction of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increase of total cholesterol and Homocysteine and so on. But it was not clear whether there was a similar change occurs in patients with hypothyroidism complicated with coronary heart disease. The authors chose hospital patients, who were divided into a group of hypothyroidism complicated with coronary heart disease (merging group), a group of hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism and control group, with 60 cases in each group, to measure the blood lipid and Homocysteine, calculate blood lipid ratio and make analysis. As a result, the authors found that patients with hypothyroidism and merging group serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased. The levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol / high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride / high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol / high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipid profile, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and Homocysteine were significantly higher than the control group. And the group of patients with hypothyroidism complicated with coronary heart disease was higher than the hypothyroidism group. It came to the conclusion that dynamic monitoring of blood lipid and its ratio and the change of Homocysteine were important for clinical value in transforming subclinical hypothyroidism into hypothyroidism and predicting patients with hypothyroidism complicated with coronary heart disease.
Abstract: In recent years, with the improvement of detection technology and medical level, the incidence of hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism and coronary heart disease was increasing year by year and patients were often associated with significant reduction of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increase of total cholesterol and Homocysteine and ...
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