Research Article
Effects of Fe3+/Fe2+ on Glycation Reaction of
β-lactoglobulin
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 3, June 2026
Pages:
93-103
Received:
19 April 2026
Accepted:
6 May 2026
Published:
8 May 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijnfs.20261503.11
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Abstract: Iron ions (Fe2+ and Fe3+) are essential trace elements for the human body, and are often added to various foods, but their effects on protein glycation remain unclear. This study evaluated the differential influences of Fe2+ and Fe3+ on the glycation reaction of β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg)-D-ribose system in terms of glycation degree, protein conformation and the distribution of modification sites. Free amino group contents and HPLC HCD MS/MS analyses indicated that both Fe3+ and Fe2+ could catalyze the glycation process and increase the glycated sites. The system contain Fe2+ exhibited higher glycation degree and more glycation sites (8), and lesser glycation sites were identified in system contain Fe3+ (5) and system without ferric ions (2). Additional sites (L1, K14, K135) were facilitated glycation by Fe2+, and most glycation sites showed higher degree of substitution per peptide (DSP) values when with Fe2+. In comparison with Fe2+, Fe3+ caused more pronounced alterations on both secondary and tertiary protein structure, promoted the β-Lg unfolding, and changed the protein structure to a more unordered form. In conclusion, Fe2+ at a specified concentration was a better choice to promote glycation reaction while maintain the protein structure. This study provide a theoretical basis for protein glycation modification with iron ions at different valence states participated.
Abstract: Iron ions (Fe2+ and Fe3+) are essential trace elements for the human body, and are often added to various foods, but their effects on protein glycation remain unclear. This study evaluated the differential influences of Fe2+ and Fe3+ on the glycation reaction of β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg)-D-ribose system in terms of glycation degree, protein conformati...
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Research Article
Age, Socioeconomic Status and BMI Are Poor Predictors of Nutrient Adequacy Among Tribal Adolescent Girls of Central India
Meenakshi Surpande*
,
Rekha Sharma
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 3, June 2026
Pages:
104-111
Received:
20 April 2026
Accepted:
3 May 2026
Published:
14 May 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijnfs.20261503.12
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Views:
Abstract: Nutritional deficiencies among tribal adolescent girls remain a significant public health concern in India. This study assessed the anthropometric status and dietary nutrient adequacy of 383 tribal adolescent girls aged 13–18 years, purposively selected from four Ashram Shalas in Nagpur District, Maharashtra. Demographic profile was recorded using a structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight) were recorded using standard procedures, and BMI was computed. Dietary intake was assessed by the 24-hour recall method, and nutrient adequacy ratios (NAR) were calculated and compared with ICMR-NIN Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) 2024 references. Results showed that the majority belonged to the Upper Lower class (73.8%) and the overall mean BMI of 18.39 kg/m2 indicated borderline nutritional vulnerability. The mean NAR showed that energy adequacy was critically low (35.11%), with calcium (17.55%), riboflavin (16.78%), and Vitamin D (4.37%) being the most deficient. Vitamin C (34.20%), Vitamin A (34.36%), and iron (45.84%) also showed substantial inadequacy. Thiamine (55.62%) and zinc (43.74%) were moderately deficient. The adequacy of protein (88.82%), magnesium (88.71%), and folate (85.85%) were adequate. Energy intake was critically low in 97.91% of participants, while protein adequacy was relatively better (76.24%). All subjects had low intakes of Vitamins A, D, riboflavin, and calcium across all age groups. Linear regression revealed that age, socioeconomic status, and BMI were collectively poor predictors of nutrient adequacy (R2<0.01), suggesting unmeasured factors such as dietary diversity and food security are more influential determinants. These findings highlight an urgent need for targeted nutritional interventions for tribal adolescent girls in this region.
Abstract: Nutritional deficiencies among tribal adolescent girls remain a significant public health concern in India. This study assessed the anthropometric status and dietary nutrient adequacy of 383 tribal adolescent girls aged 13–18 years, purposively selected from four Ashram Shalas in Nagpur District, Maharashtra. Demographic profile was recorded using ...
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