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Research Article
Metabolic Function of Lactate and the Regulation and Biological Functions of Lactylation Modification
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 3, June 2026
Pages:
62-70
Received:
16 April 2026
Accepted:
21 May 2026
Published:
29 May 2026
Abstract: Lactate has long been regarded as a metabolic end product of glycolysis. However, recent studies have revealed its multiple functions in energy supply, signal transduction, and epigenetic regulation. This article systematically reviews the production, transport, and metabolic mechanisms of lactate, with an emphasis on its biological roles in immune regulation, inflammation control, intestinal homeostasis maintenance, and tumor microenvironment remodeling. In addition, it provides an in-depth discussion of the "writers-erasers-readers" regulatory network of lactylation. Lactylation is a lactate-driven post-translational modification that occurs on both histone and non-histone proteins. Histone lactylation primarily regulates gene transcription by altering chromatin conformation and plays key roles in macrophage polarization, inflammation resolution, and tumor progression. Non-histone lactylation extensively modifies various proteins, including metabolic enzymes and transcription factors, and participates in signal transduction, immune escape, and DNA repair. The two types of lactylation exhibit significant differences in modification sites, reaction mechanisms, and functional effects, together forming an important bridge between metabolism and epigenetic regulation. Current studies suggest that targeting lactate metabolism or lactylation-related regulatory pathways holds therapeutic potential in tumors, inflammatory diseases, and metabolic disorders. Future efforts are needed to further elucidate the dynamic regulatory networks of lactylation under pathological conditions and to facilitate its clinical translation.
Abstract: Lactate has long been regarded as a metabolic end product of glycolysis. However, recent studies have revealed its multiple functions in energy supply, signal transduction, and epigenetic regulation. This article systematically reviews the production, transport, and metabolic mechanisms of lactate, with an emphasis on its biological roles in immune...
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Research Article
Network Meta-analysis of Three Kinds of Surgical Treatment of Adolescent Varicocele
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 3, June 2026
Pages:
71-78
Received:
24 April 2026
Accepted:
21 May 2026
Published:
29 May 2026
Abstract: Objective: Comparison of the safety and efficacy of open, laparoscopic and microscopic treatments for varicocele. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane of Library, the Web of science, CNKI, WanFang databases from the beginning to December 31st 2025 were searched to identify relevant randomized controlled trials based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Meta analysis was conducted with RevMan 5.3 and Stata 15.0 software. Results: Included in 5 studies, 1250 patients, the network meta-analysis showed that compared with OV and LV, the operation time of MV was slightly longer, and the incidence of complications and recurrence after MV was significantly lower than that of OV and LV. There is no statistical difference in the comparison of the length of hospital stay and the amount of blood loss during the operation of the two types of surgery. The results of the node analysis show that there is no statistical inconsistency (P>0.05). Conclusion: The current evidence shows the safety of the treatment of adolescent varicocele surgery On the one hand, MV may be the best choice, followed by LV, and finally OV. However, due to the uneven quality of the original studies, it is recommended that the clinical use be carefully selected. More high quality, large sample RCTs are needed for further demonstration.
Abstract: Objective: Comparison of the safety and efficacy of open, laparoscopic and microscopic treatments for varicocele. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane of Library, the Web of science, CNKI, WanFang databases from the beginning to December 31st 2025 were searched to identify relevant randomized controlled trials based on inclusion and exclusion criteria...
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Research Article
Research and Practice on Condition Assessment Methods for Urban Rail Transit Electromechanical Equipment
Jiong Wang*,
Zilin Xu,
Yanyan Wu
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 3, June 2026
Pages:
79-85
Received:
17 April 2026
Accepted:
21 May 2026
Published:
29 May 2026
Abstract: In recent years, the development of urban rail transit across China has entered a brand-new development stage, which has successfully transformed its development focus from extensive large-scale infrastructure construction in the early stage towards refined, efficient and high-quality daily operational management. With the continuous extension of service life of operational rail lines, coupled with diversified practical constraints including inconsistent operation and maintenance technical standards among different depots, insufficient supply channels and procurement obstacles of core and special spare parts, as well as complex and harsh on-site operating environments, various types of aging and performance degradation problems have gradually emerged in in-service rail transit equipment. These prevalent equipment defects inevitably pose potential threats to the stable and safe operation of passenger trains, and also greatly restrict the overall improvement of daily passenger travel experience and public transport service quality. Against this background, targeted regular maintenance, timely fault repair and scientific technical renovation of old equipment have become urgent practical demands. Hence, carrying out objective, systematic and rational comprehensive evaluation on the actual service condition of existing rail transit equipment is of great practical significance, which can supply solid data support and scientific decision-making basis for relevant administrative and management departments. This paper selects the platform screen door equipment of urban rail transit Line 1 in a typical city as the specific research object. By adopting combined research methods including historical operational data sorting, field actual inspection and professional performance testing, this study establishes a multi-dimensional comprehensive evaluation system covering eight core indicators, namely equipment functional efficiency, operational adaptation satisfaction, management system standardization, maintenance process compatibility, operation and maintenance working status, potential risk hidden danger rectification effect, spare parts supply guarantee capacity and on-site operating environment conformity. Finally, definite targeted evaluation results and practical improvement suggestions are summarized. The established evaluation framework and technical methods in this research can offer reliable practical reference and effective technical guidance for peers and front-line staff engaged in urban rail transit facility condition assessment and daily management work.
Abstract: In recent years, the development of urban rail transit across China has entered a brand-new development stage, which has successfully transformed its development focus from extensive large-scale infrastructure construction in the early stage towards refined, efficient and high-quality daily operational management. With the continuous extension of s...
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Research Article
Real-time Optimization of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Using ANN-based Maximum Power Point Tracking
Ismail Alazhari Abubaker Bashar Omer*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 3, June 2026
Pages:
86-98
Received:
10 May 2026
Accepted:
21 May 2026
Published:
4 June 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sr.20261403.14
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Abstract: Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting (PEH) plays a pivotal role in powering low-power electronic systems by leveraging ambient vibrations. However, the nonlinear and fluctuating nature of mechanical inputs leads to continuous variations in electrical output, making Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) essential for efficient energy extraction. Traditional control methods based on fixed-duty cycle or pulses struggle to adapt to these dynamic conditions, resulting in significant energy loss. To address this challenge, this study proposes an innovative solution by developing an intelligent MPPT controller based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN). This controller is capable of adaptively determining the optimal duty cycle for a DC-DC Buck converter in real time. To generate the necessary training data for the network, an integrated simulation model was constructed-comprising a piezoelectric bender, a full-wave rectifier, and a lithium-ion battery-and evaluated under various vibration amplitudes and frequencies. The results demonstrated that the trained ANN achieved a remarkably high correlation coefficient (R = 0.99332), confirming its high accuracy and excellent generalization capability. Furthermore, simulation results proved the efficiency of the proposed system in significantly stabilizing the rectifier voltage, enhancing impedance matching, and improving battery charging performance. These findings demonstrate that utilizing an ANN-based MPPT provides a robust and effective solution for optimizing real-time energy harvesting and generation from piezoelectric vibration systems.
Abstract: Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting (PEH) plays a pivotal role in powering low-power electronic systems by leveraging ambient vibrations. However, the nonlinear and fluctuating nature of mechanical inputs leads to continuous variations in electrical output, making Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) essential for efficient energy extraction. Traditiona...
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Research Article
Confirmation of the ICP-MS Method for the Determination of Blood Lead
Xiaomin Zhou*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 3, June 2026
Pages:
99-104
Received:
25 April 2026
Accepted:
1 June 2026
Published:
9 June 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sr.20261403.15
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Views:
Abstract: Background Lead is a common occupational toxicant. Long-term exposure to lead can damage the nervous and hematopoietic systems. Blood lead concentration is an important biomarker for assessing recent lead exposure. Establishing an accurate and sensitive method for blood lead determination is of great significance for occupational health monitoring. Objective To establish and validate an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method for the determination of lead in blood. Methods Using an Agilent 7850 ICP-MS instrument, blood samples were directly diluted with a diluent containing 0.5% nitric acid and 0.01% Triton X-100. Holmium (Ho) was used as an online internal standard. Lead was measured at m/z 206, 207, and 208 in standard mode. The method was validated for linearity, detection limit, quantification limit, recovery, and precision according to the national standard GBZ/T 316.2-2018. Results Excellent linearity was observed in the range of 0–100 μg/L, with correlation coefficients (R²) of 1 for all three mass numbers. The detection limit was 0.013 μg/L, and the quantification limit was 0.044 μg/L. Recoveries at low (0.4 μg/L), medium (40.0 μg/L), and high (400.0 μg/L) concentration levels were 96.23%, 102.28%, and 100.64%, respectively, with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 1.10%, 0.45%, and 0.43%. Conclusion The method is simple, sensitive, and reproducible. All performance indicators are superior to the national standard requirements, making it suitable for rapid and accurate determination of lead in blood among occupationally exposed populations.
Abstract: Background Lead is a common occupational toxicant. Long-term exposure to lead can damage the nervous and hematopoietic systems. Blood lead concentration is an important biomarker for assessing recent lead exposure. Establishing an accurate and sensitive method for blood lead determination is of great significance for occupational health monitoring....
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Research Article
Soy Isoflavones in Poultry Production: Research Advances on Metabolism, Functions, and Applications
Baosheng Sun*,
Yujiao Ma,
Yan Li,
Junyan Bie,
Danni Song
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 3, June 2026
Pages:
105-112
Received:
28 April 2026
Accepted:
5 June 2026
Published:
9 June 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sr.20261403.16
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Views:
Abstract: Soy isoflavones are a class of natural secondary metabolites with phytoestrogenic activity found in soybeans, primarily classified into free-type and conjugated-type, with the conjugated form accounting for 97%–98% of the total. This review summarizes the absorption, transformation, and metabolic pathways of soy isoflavones in the small intestine, liver, and large intestine of chickens. Conjugated isoflavones must be hydrolyzed by gut microbiota-secreted β-glucosidase into free aglycones before absorption. Free isoflavones undergo phase I and phase II metabolism in the liver, with some metabolites excreted into the intestine via bile, forming enterohepatic circulation. The unabsorbed fraction enters the large intestine and is further converted into highly active metabolites such as equol. Gut microbiota-mediated hydrolysis and conversion are key to producing these bioactive metabolites. Application studies in poultry production demonstrate that soy isoflavones can effectively improve laying and growth performance, enhance meat quality, and boost antioxidant capacity, immune regulation, and intestinal health by modulating endocrine function, activating antioxidant and immune-related signaling pathways (e.g., NF-κB and MAPK), and regulating gut microbiota. This review systematically summarizes the multifaceted biological effects and underlying mechanisms of soy isoflavones, providing a theoretical basis for their rational and standardized application in livestock and poultry farming.
Abstract: Soy isoflavones are a class of natural secondary metabolites with phytoestrogenic activity found in soybeans, primarily classified into free-type and conjugated-type, with the conjugated form accounting for 97%–98% of the total. This review summarizes the absorption, transformation, and metabolic pathways of soy isoflavones in the small intestine, ...
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Research Article
Prediction and Interpretability Study of Peak Floor Acceleration of Steel Structures Based on XGBoost
Jinchi Li,
Maosheng Gong*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 3, June 2026
Pages:
113-121
Received:
14 April 2026
Accepted:
5 June 2026
Published:
9 June 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sr.20261403.17
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Peak floor acceleration is a crucial engineering parameter for evaluating the seismic damage and post-earthquake functional state of non-structural components in buildings. To address the limitations of traditional dynamic time-history analysis, such as complex physical modeling and cumbersome computations, a data-driven rapid prediction model based on Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) is proposed, utilizing real steel structure array monitoring records. By taking ground motion intensity and spatial structural characteristics as inputs, a Bayesian optimization algorithm based on the Tree-structured Parzen Estimator (TPE) is introduced to achieve intelligent hyperparameter tuning. The results demonstrate that the optimized machine learning model exhibits excellent prediction accuracy and generalization performance. Furthermore, attribution analysis combining feature importance and the SHAP interpretability framework reveals that peak ground acceleration and normalized height are the core features dominating the amplification of floor responses. Validation through a finite element case study confirms that the model can effectively reproduce the variation of peak floor acceleration along the building height using only macroscopic geometric parameters of the structure. This provides a reliable analytical tool with physical interpretability for the rapid seismic performance assessment of non-structural components.
Abstract: Peak floor acceleration is a crucial engineering parameter for evaluating the seismic damage and post-earthquake functional state of non-structural components in buildings. To address the limitations of traditional dynamic time-history analysis, such as complex physical modeling and cumbersome computations, a data-driven rapid prediction model base...
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