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Transportation Cost of Agricultural Exports from Gaza Strip: An Exploratory Study
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, December 2017
Pages:
276-283
Received:
3 August 2016
Accepted:
8 October 2017
Published:
10 November 2017
Abstract: Export transportation costs are one of the major obstructions facing the Palestinian economy. The process of moving agricultural goods from the exporter’s location in the Gaza Strip to the target market involves significant financial costs as well as costs associated with imperfect information, weak infrastructure, lengthy and uncertain delivery times. The experience of exporters in Gaza Strip proves that, Back-to-Back system at Kerem Shalom crossing point and other procedures imposed by the Israeli occupation has led to an increase in land transport, freight and logistic costs. Consequently, this has caused great losses to the agriculture sector and other economic sectors in the Gaza Strip.
Abstract: Export transportation costs are one of the major obstructions facing the Palestinian economy. The process of moving agricultural goods from the exporter’s location in the Gaza Strip to the target market involves significant financial costs as well as costs associated with imperfect information, weak infrastructure, lengthy and uncertain delivery ti...
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Choice Between Domestic and Foreign Debt: A Case Study of Pakistan
Ghazala Zafar Lashari,
Muhammad Akbar,
Ruhma Khan
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, December 2017
Pages:
284-293
Received:
28 July 2017
Accepted:
8 August 2017
Published:
15 November 2017
Abstract: In Pakistan, domestic debt, foreign debt and debt servicing is the most discussed issue among the economists and policy makers. Pakistan has been taking a substantial amount of money in the form of domestic and foreign debt since 1970’s. Most common reason of debt dependency is saving-investment gap and revenue–expenditure gap. To fill these gaps, debts has become a common source. High level of debt servicing left no room for policy makers to carry out macroeconomic reforms in order to increase GDP growth rate. The present study has been conducted to investigate the choice between domestic and foreign debt in promoting economic growth. Auto regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach has been used in the study for the data set from 1972-2010. It is found that both foreign and domestic debt servicing have negatively influenced the economic growth. In the light of the findings of this study, it is suggested that Pakistan should not rely on both external and internal debts to fulfill its gaps. Policy makers should use the policy of maximum revenue generation through domestic resource utilization, divert public expenditure from consumption to investment, promote tax culture and investment in human capital is much needed to reduce dependence on debts.
Abstract: In Pakistan, domestic debt, foreign debt and debt servicing is the most discussed issue among the economists and policy makers. Pakistan has been taking a substantial amount of money in the form of domestic and foreign debt since 1970’s. Most common reason of debt dependency is saving-investment gap and revenue–expenditure gap. To fill these gaps, ...
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Summarized Results of the Experimental Determination of Heat Losses Through Fixed Supports of Steam Pipelines
Stefan Kalchev,
Petar Kostov,
Chavdar Nikolov,
Koycho Atanasov
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, December 2017
Pages:
294-299
Received:
12 September 2017
Accepted:
6 October 2017
Published:
16 November 2017
Abstract: The results of the experimental determination of the heat losses in fixed supports of low, medium and high pressure steam pipelines in firm Lukoil Neftochim Burgas have been summarized. In the conditions of a three-factor experiment, the exponents of the regression equation have been determined. For determination of convective heat exchange coefficient (α), the Newton-Rihmann equation has been used as a boundary condition of a third kind of heat transfer equation. Experimentally obtained α dependency has been shown as a function of the dimensionless temperature and the velocity and angle of the airflow of support. The results obtained shall be considered as part of the effort to structure user-friendly software for heat losses determination of steam pipelines and their components by means of thermal imaging equipment.
Abstract: The results of the experimental determination of the heat losses in fixed supports of low, medium and high pressure steam pipelines in firm Lukoil Neftochim Burgas have been summarized. In the conditions of a three-factor experiment, the exponents of the regression equation have been determined. For determination of convective heat exchange coeffic...
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Study on Exchange Rate Forecasting Using Recurrent Neural Networks
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, December 2017
Pages:
300-303
Received:
16 November 2017
Published:
20 November 2017
Abstract: It focuses on the problems of forecasting exchange rate that is a nonlinear time series. A dynamics systems approach and the recurrent neural networks (RNN) were employed to modeling this nonlinear time series. The delay time was calculated using mutual information method and embedding dimension was confirmed by false nearest neighbors. The dataset was reconstructed form source time series for trained and verified the neural networks model. The quadratic optimization criterion was considered which the neural networks weights update algorithm were derived using gradient descent method for hidden layer; recurrent layer and output layer. The calculation flow chart was designed for neural networks learning and emulation. The reliability and stability of neural networks was confirmed by testing dataset. The results of simulation showed that the recurrent neural networks were preferably performance for prediction the change of exchange rate.
Abstract: It focuses on the problems of forecasting exchange rate that is a nonlinear time series. A dynamics systems approach and the recurrent neural networks (RNN) were employed to modeling this nonlinear time series. The delay time was calculated using mutual information method and embedding dimension was confirmed by false nearest neighbors. The dataset...
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Study on the Problems of Management Shareholding and the Mixed Ownership
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, December 2017
Pages:
304-311
Received:
16 November 2017
Published:
20 November 2017
Abstract: In recent years, managerial ownership has begun to be used as an incentive mechanism in China. Managerial ownership is one of the ways to realize the mixed ownership reform of state owned enterprises. In this paper, the impact of executive stock ownership on corporate performance of China's state-owned listed companies that mixed ownership has been achieved is analyzed. The conclusions are as follows: the state-owned listed companies management ownership and corporate performance has a positive correlation. The financial performance of the company increases with the proportion of management shareholding, ownership concentration and equity balance. There is a significant negative correlation between the proportion of independent directors and the rate of return on net assets, which shows that the independent directors of state-owned enterprises in China have not played its due role in the governance of state-owned enterprises.
Abstract: In recent years, managerial ownership has begun to be used as an incentive mechanism in China. Managerial ownership is one of the ways to realize the mixed ownership reform of state owned enterprises. In this paper, the impact of executive stock ownership on corporate performance of China's state-owned listed companies that mixed ownership has been...
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Estimating the Optimal Land Management Scale of Big Grain Production Households and Comprehensive Family Farms Based on the Decision Graph
Fang Luo,
Miao Tian,
Qingli Xia,
Dan Xu,
Caihong Sun
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, December 2017
Pages:
312-320
Received:
27 December 2017
Published:
28 December 2017
Abstract: Farmland scale management can bring large scale benefits to producers, promote labour productivity and increase farmers’ income. However, excessive concentration of farmland also has a few shortcomings, such as decreases in intensive farming, farmland productivity, and employment efficiency. Identifying the optimal land management scale is an effective means to improve agricultural production efficiency. Regression analysis is used to estimate the optimal land management scale under current productivity in China. Further, a decision graph has been drawn, which shows that the scale of big grain production households and comprehensive family farms is generally less than the optimal level, and an inverse relationship exists between farm size and productivity. Lastly, the suggestions that scattered land should be concentrated in the hands of big grain production households and family farms, and that land-lost farmers should work in their local agricultural industry, participating in the profit from land production are made.
Abstract: Farmland scale management can bring large scale benefits to producers, promote labour productivity and increase farmers’ income. However, excessive concentration of farmland also has a few shortcomings, such as decreases in intensive farming, farmland productivity, and employment efficiency. Identifying the optimal land management scale is an effec...
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The Factors Affecting Business Cycle Volatility Based on Financial Market Size and Country Size Multiple-factor Analysis
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, December 2017
Pages:
321-326
Received:
27 December 2017
Published:
28 December 2017
Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between business cycle volatility and country size and financial markets size within certain countries, using annual data for a sample of some typical countries having advanced financial market and those of China over 2000-2015. Then analyze the significance level of explaining variables and the type of effect. The main result reflects that for OECD countries, the impacts of population and stock market are all highest level significant and most keep stable after authors filter out the fluctuations, but for China population is a stable significant factor, while the influences of stock market depend on the data processing method and even the plus-minus and the significance of the regression coefficient can change due to the filter process and authors will elaborate the inner economic principles it reveals.
Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between business cycle volatility and country size and financial markets size within certain countries, using annual data for a sample of some typical countries having advanced financial market and those of China over 2000-2015. Then analyze the significance level of explaining varia...
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The Experience and Reference on PPP Development in Germany
Su Guo,
Huijie Li,
Yang Guo,
Ke Gao
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, December 2017
Pages:
327-333
Received:
27 December 2017
Published:
28 December 2017
Abstract: At present, Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model is vigorously promoted in China and it is becoming an important way of government financing. Though the amount of PPP projects in China is enormous, there are a lot of problems to be solved. At the same time, German PPP develops rapidly in recent years though it started relatively late. In the past few years, the number of PPP projects in Germany ranked the third place stably in Europe. Germany accumulates a lot of mature experience in PPP projects, including industry, fiscal and taxation policy as well as the set-up of management institutions. This paper summarizes the current situation and experience of PPP in Germany and provides reference for PPP development in China. To be specific, German governments pay great attention to PPP development and its institutional arrangement. The governments provide preferential taxation and industrial policies for PPP projects. Meanwhile, German governments lay great emphasis on risk management of PPP projects. In fact, PPP projects in Germany are supervised in the way of contract supervision. Besides, the federal government sets a good example for state governments. Last but not the least, project consultants are allowed to participate in public procurement under some certain prerequisites.
Abstract: At present, Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model is vigorously promoted in China and it is becoming an important way of government financing. Though the amount of PPP projects in China is enormous, there are a lot of problems to be solved. At the same time, German PPP develops rapidly in recent years though it started relatively late. In the past...
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