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Review Article
Plant Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
Meseret Degefa Regassa*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
43-48
Received:
24 December 2024
Accepted:
14 January 2025
Published:
10 April 2025
Abstract: The main elements influencing agricultural productivity in terms of both quantity and quality are biotic and abiotic stressors. The purpose of this study is to examine how biotic and abiotic stress affect plant productivity and production, as well as to highlight potential plant adaptation strategies. Abiotic stressors that cause crop losses include drought, water logging, salinity, wind, air pollution, heavy metal stress, and severe temperatures such the chilling effect and heat. Similar to abiotic stressors, biotic stressors like disease and insect pests can endanger plants and have an impact on their growth and development. Biologic agents, including bacteria, fungus, viruses, and nematodes, are responsible for the majority of plant illnesses. Notwithstanding their inability to move, plants have highly developed immune systems and are frequently subjected to a variety of stresses, for which they display complex defense mechanisms such as a wide range of physiological, molecular, and cellular adaptations that enable them to endure both biotic and abiotic stressors. Additionally, plants have a variety of morphological traits that are linked to distinct physiological and biochemical pathways for their reactions to various stressors.
Abstract: The main elements influencing agricultural productivity in terms of both quantity and quality are biotic and abiotic stressors. The purpose of this study is to examine how biotic and abiotic stress affect plant productivity and production, as well as to highlight potential plant adaptation strategies. Abiotic stressors that cause crop losses includ...
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Research Article
Verification of Tamir 250 g/l EC (Pyraclostrobin) Fungicide Against Yellow Rust (pucciniastriformis.f.s.tritici) on Bread Wheat (Triticumaestivum L) in Bale, Southeast of Ethiopia
Addis Shiferaw*,
Zerihun Eshetu
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
49-52
Received:
13 March 2025
Accepted:
27 March 2025
Published:
22 April 2025
Abstract: Ethiopia's wheat crop faces significant challenges due to fungus, particularly in Bale, which is home to new pathogenic races. These diseases can lead to yield losses of 20-71%, 42-52%, 75, and 82%, respectively. To manage these diseases, Ethiopia breeds resistant cultivars, but resistance screening is crucial due to the evolution of rust disease and new threats. Combining multiple disease resistance sources into a single variety is the most effective way to control wheat diseases. Fungicides have been tested and approved against rusts in wheat, but most susceptible types succumbed to rust. Regular evaluation and verification of new fungicides is essential to maintain wheat production and productivity in Ethiopia. The experiment involved planting Kubsa bread wheat in replica sites in Sinana, Selka, and Agarfa, which is vulnerable to yellow rust disease. A fungicide was manually applied at a 5% severity level during the booting crop growth stage, using a modified Cobb Scale. Grain yield, thousand kernel weight, and hectoliter weight were calculated from seeds collected from a net harvested plot. The R-3.4.3 software was utilized for ANOVA and LSD tests to compare the means of substantially different variables between treatments at 0.05 levels of significance. The Kubsa variety, highly susceptible to yellow rust, showed significant differences in yellow rust disease severity between treatments during the 2019-20 cropping season. Test and check fungicides significantly reduced yellow rust disease severity compared to nil application. However, no significant difference was observed in limiting disease severity. The test fungicide, Tamir 250 g/l, was equally effective in reducing yellow rust disease severity, with a 49% reduction compared to an unsprayed plot. The study found no significant difference in plant height, grain production, thousand kernel weight, and hectoliter weight between test and check fungicides. However, grain yield, thousand kernel weight, and hectoliter weight showed substantial differences. Test and check fungicides showed yield advantages over nil application. Test fungicide Tamir and check fungicide Rex Duo effectively controlled yellow rust. The study found that the test fungicide, Tamir 250 g/l, effectively controlled yellow rust disease in wheat at a rate of 0.5 lit/ha, producing comparable results in plant height, grain yield, thousand kernel weight, and hectoliter weight. It also decreased yellow rust disease severity to the lowest level, suggesting its registration as an alternative to Rex Duo.
Abstract: Ethiopia's wheat crop faces significant challenges due to fungus, particularly in Bale, which is home to new pathogenic races. These diseases can lead to yield losses of 20-71%, 42-52%, 75, and 82%, respectively. To manage these diseases, Ethiopia breeds resistant cultivars, but resistance screening is crucial due to the evolution of rust disease a...
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Review Article
Integrating Environmental Health and Food Security: The Agronomist’s Role in Advancing Sustainable Agriculture and Achieving UN Sustainable Development Goals
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
53-75
Received:
28 April 2025
Accepted:
20 May 2025
Published:
18 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.plant.20251302.13
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: The review explores the intricate relationship between agricultural practices, climate change, and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly focusing on SDG 2: Zero Hunger. It highlights the profound impact of climatic variations on crop yields, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and the proliferation of pests and diseases, all contributing to reduced agricultural productivity. This poses significant challenges to achieving the SDGs of eradicating hunger and poverty. Smallholder farmers have adopted various adaptive measures, such as adjusting farming operations, on-farm diversification, and improved soil-water management. However, industrial agriculture, while successful in increasing calorie production, has led to biodiversity loss, soil degradation, and greenhouse gas emissions, thus failing to eliminate hunger and leading to widespread micronutrient deficiencies. Approximately 815 million people are currently undernourished, with two billion suffering from micronutrient deficiencies. The paper emphasizes the necessity for sustainable agricultural practices that enhance productivity while protecting ecosystems. Key strategies include improving irrigation, adopting integrated weed management, using precision agriculture, and reducing post-harvest losses. The review underscores the importance of policy interventions and innovative technologies in addressing the global food security challenge. Effective food security strategies must incorporate sustainable production practices, leverage genetic diversity, and ensure economic and physical access to nutritious food. Addressing food security within the framework of SDGs requires a holistic approach that integrates environmental sustainability, economic development, and social inclusion. Collaborative efforts between governments, scientists, and local communities are vital to achieving a sustainable and food-secure future.
Abstract: The review explores the intricate relationship between agricultural practices, climate change, and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly focusing on SDG 2: Zero Hunger. It highlights the profound impact of climatic variations on crop yields, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and the proliferation of pest...
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Research Article
New Ranks and New Combinations in Selected Families and Genera
Zhen-Hao Feng*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
76-99
Received:
13 May 2025
Accepted:
26 May 2025
Published:
20 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.plant.20251302.14
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Recent advancements in molecular phylogenetics have significantly reshaped infrageneric classifications across vascular plant genera, yet nomenclature within these ranks remains understudied. This article addresses critical gaps in the taxonomy of selected plant families by introducing nomenclatural novelties aligned with modern systematic frameworks. The study is structured into three interrelated sections. First, updated infrageneric classifications are proposed for six genera, i. e., Calanthe, Docynia, Epimedium, Eriolobus, Galanthus, and Nymphaea, integrating morphological and molecular evidence to resolve longstanding taxonomic ambiguities. For instance, formerly segregated genera Cephalantheropsis, Gastrorchis, and Phaius is herein newly treated as subgenera under the broadly circumscribed Calanthe, and Paraphaius is treated as a synonym of Calanthe subgen. Hecabe; while Docynia is retained as distinct from Malus due to its unique ecological and evolutionary adaptations. The second section validates 373 new nothoranks across 58 genera from 29 families of pteridophytes and spermatophytes: Amaranthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Anemiaceae, Asparagaceae, Asphodelaceae, Asteraceae, Athyriaceae, Berberidaceae, Cistaceae, Crassulaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Heliconiaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Hypericaceae, Iridaceae, Lamiaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Marattiaceae, Musaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Orchidaceae, Papaveraceae, Plantaginaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Saxifragaceae, Verbenaceae and Violaceae. These include novel nothosections, nothosubsections, nothoseries, and nothosubgenera to accommodate hybrids previously lacking suitable placement. The third section establishes three new nothogenera and 28 new combinations across nine families, namely Apocynaceae, Athyriaceae, Convolvulaceae, Lamiaceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Saxifragaceae and Thelypteridaceae, resolving taxonomic inconsistencies arising from recent phylogenetic insights.
Abstract: Recent advancements in molecular phylogenetics have significantly reshaped infrageneric classifications across vascular plant genera, yet nomenclature within these ranks remains understudied. This article addresses critical gaps in the taxonomy of selected plant families by introducing nomenclatural novelties aligned with modern systematic framewor...
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Research Article
Evaluation and Verification of the Type of Blended Fertilizer for Soil Fertility Based on the Soil Fertility Map Recommendations for Bread Wheat Production
Tesfaye Ketema Defar*,
Mulugeta Eshetu Diriba,
Regassa Gosa Telila,
Girma Getachew Gemechu
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
100-107
Received:
11 February 2025
Accepted:
27 March 2025
Published:
23 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.plant.20251302.15
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Views:
Abstract: Ethiopia's economy and professions have traditionally depended on agriculture, emphasizing the need to provide the most appropriate fertilizer packages for various crops, especially to enhance the productivity of the country's small-scale farmers. A field study was conducted during the 2020–2023 cropping season in southeastern Ethiopia's Bale Highland and West Arsi Zone. This study utilized a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments and three replicates to assess different types of balanced fertilizers and confirm recommendations based on soil fertility maps for bread wheat production. The treatments included: 1) Control (no fertilizer); 2) 100 kg/ha of urea; 3) 100 kg of urea plus 100 kg of NPS/ha; 4) 100 kg of urea plus 100 kg of NPSB/ha; and 5) 100 kg/ha NPSZnB plus 100 kg of urea. Using blended fertilizers yielded significant enhancements in plant height, the number of tillers per plant, spike length, seeds per spike, grain yield, above-ground biomass, and the weight of a thousand kernels at harvest.
Abstract: Ethiopia's economy and professions have traditionally depended on agriculture, emphasizing the need to provide the most appropriate fertilizer packages for various crops, especially to enhance the productivity of the country's small-scale farmers. A field study was conducted during the 2020–2023 cropping season in southeastern Ethiopia's Bale Highl...
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