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Impact of Microcredit on Housing and Food Security in Nepal
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
78-95
Received:
17 February 2022
Accepted:
9 March 2022
Published:
15 March 2022
Abstract: This paper intends to assess the impact of microcredit on housing and food security in Nepal. The multivariate techniques used to achieve the objectives of the study. The study uses Nepal Living Standard Survey2011 data, which covers 5,988 households. Considering the endogeneity in the microcredit participation of household, the study uses instrumental variable technique (IV method) for assessing the impact of microcredit on housing and food security After the adjustment of the endogeneity, distance of bank, distance of cooperative from household and holding of land size of household as the instruments, eligible household reduced 475 household from 779 total households of intervention group and similarly 2,953 households from 5,209 total households of control group. CMP (conditional mixed process) estimator used to give flexibility in terms of combining continuous and binary variables together in the same model. Multivariate analysis indicates that it has positive and significant relationship on housing and food security (construction material, ownership status, sources of electricity, structural condition, sources of drinking, maintenance of house, consumption of cereals, consumption of veg, consumption of milk, consumption of egg, consumption of meat, food diversity) on intervention group than the control group. The results and findings of this study and review of the literatures in the paper provided a wide range of evidence that microcredit programs can increase incomes and lift families out of poverty. Microcredit would be a viable and potentially sustainable tool to reduce poverty level in Nepal.
Abstract: This paper intends to assess the impact of microcredit on housing and food security in Nepal. The multivariate techniques used to achieve the objectives of the study. The study uses Nepal Living Standard Survey2011 data, which covers 5,988 households. Considering the endogeneity in the microcredit participation of household, the study uses instrume...
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Firm Attributes and Value of Pension Fund Administrators in Nigeria
Adekoya Oludare Michael,
Nwaobia Appolos Nwabuisi,
Siyanbola Tunji Trimisiu
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
96-106
Received:
21 February 2022
Accepted:
12 March 2022
Published:
18 March 2022
Abstract: Value creation is a key objective of every firm and this is applicable to Pension Fund Administrators (PFAs) who seek to remain competitive and achieve superior corporate performance by taking advantage of certain firm attributes. Studies have shown that value of PFAs can impact the financial health of a significant number of individuals during their retirement years if their Retirement Saving Account (RSA) funds are well managed. This objective is scarcely achieved following the increasing challenge faced by the pension fund industry in the dimensions of dearth of investment, poor investment decision by PFAs, restrictions and investment limits by the regulator and the hunt for yield for its RSA contributors amid an environment of low interest rates. Studies that examined the combined effect of firm attributes of firm age, size, contribution density, number of contributors, board size, board quality and branch network on the value of PFAs are lean. This study investigated the effect of firm attributes on Value of Pension Fund Administrators (net asset value per unit) in Nigeria. The study employed ex-post facto research design. Purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample of fifteen (15) from 22 pension fund administrators which have been in existence for the past ten years (2011-2020). Data for this study were extracted from the published annual reports and accounts of the sampled companies which were validated by certification of external auditors and National Pension Commission (PenCom). Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential (multiple regression) statistics at α = 0.05 level of significance. The study found that firm attributes jointly exerted significant impact on net asset value per unit of pension fund administrators (Adj.R2 = 0.9298, F(6, 143) = 254.96, p < 0.05). The study concluded that firm attributes enhanced the value of pension fund administrators in Nigeria. It was recommended that pension fund managers should make stakeholders’ interest (contributors and shareholders) a priority and use the selected firm attributes to their advantage to drive performance and create value.
Abstract: Value creation is a key objective of every firm and this is applicable to Pension Fund Administrators (PFAs) who seek to remain competitive and achieve superior corporate performance by taking advantage of certain firm attributes. Studies have shown that value of PFAs can impact the financial health of a significant number of individuals during the...
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Effect of Tax Exemption for Domestic Investors on Government Revenue Collection in Zanzibar
Haji Mohamed Haji,
Abdalla Ussi Hamad
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
107-111
Received:
30 December 2021
Accepted:
4 February 2022
Published:
29 March 2022
Abstract: The main aim of this study is examining the effect of tax exemption for domestic investors on the government revenue collection in Zanzibar. Specifically, the researcher concentrated on two types of exemptions, these are; absolute and partial tax exemptions. The researcher has mainly employed quantitative research approach with appropriate method of analysis for this study. A simple random technique was used to select research respondents of 100 sample size and survey questionnaire was used as data collection instrument. To achieve a credible study a multiple regression was used to analyze the collected data from relevant respondents. The study has revealed that one predictor (partial tax exemption) had a significant effect or impact on the outcome variable (government revenue collection). However, one predictor variable that is absolute tax exemption did not show any significant result. The study concluded that tax exemption is a good instrument to stimulate and attract domestic investors when other issues have been incorporated into the procedures, alone, it cannot stand as the only factor. Finally, the study recommended as the tax incentives and exemptions work or not, there is a need for transparency, public scrutiny and dialogue, equity and bargaining are essential to building a culture of tax compliance.
Abstract: The main aim of this study is examining the effect of tax exemption for domestic investors on the government revenue collection in Zanzibar. Specifically, the researcher concentrated on two types of exemptions, these are; absolute and partial tax exemptions. The researcher has mainly employed quantitative research approach with appropriate method o...
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Influence of Budgetary Practices on Budget Performance of Local Government Authorities in Tanzania
Faraja Asukile,
Crispin John Mbogo
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
112-120
Received:
1 March 2022
Accepted:
22 March 2022
Published:
29 March 2022
Abstract: The local government authorities (LGAs) in Tanzania were restarted in 1980 and since then the government has gone in different programs of reforming them. However, the implementation of budget in LGAs in Tanzania is failing to produce intended outcomes. This study investigates effects of budgetary practices on budget performance of LGAs in Tanzania. The study used survey research design carried out at Ilala Municipal Council. Data collected using questionnaire was subjected to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23 for running the quantitative analysis. The research adopted Exploratory Factor Analysis (KMO and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity), simple regression analysis and correlation analysis to investigate the influence of budgetary practices (measured by budget planning, participatory budget and budget execution) on budget performance (supported by efficiency and effectiveness) of LGAs in Tanzania. Findings of the study indicate that budget planning, participatory budget and budget execution are directly related and they have close relationship with budgetary performance. Among the three budgetary practices tested, it was found that budget planning is a significant driver of budget performance. This study has implication to various stakeholders and actors alongside budget operations especially in Tanzania as well as the research community, where it provides new insights relating to budget practices and performance metrics that can be used to accelerate budget performance of LGAs. Decision makers in LGAs should put more emphasis on enforcing policies that improve performance of budget operations by addressing the benefits and weakness experienced in the past.
Abstract: The local government authorities (LGAs) in Tanzania were restarted in 1980 and since then the government has gone in different programs of reforming them. However, the implementation of budget in LGAs in Tanzania is failing to produce intended outcomes. This study investigates effects of budgetary practices on budget performance of LGAs in Tanzania...
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Corporate Governance and Environmental Sustainability Disclosure in Non-financial Companies Quoted in Nigeria
Ponnle Josiah Oyekale,
Samuel Adebayo Olaoye,
Appolos Nwabuisi Nwaobia
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
121-131
Received:
2 March 2022
Accepted:
21 March 2022
Published:
29 March 2022
Abstract: Environmental sustainability performance and its disclosure are not company’s primary objectives rather are practices that lift the reputation of company in society. Environmental sustainability disclosure is not mandatory by accounting standards; however, information on environmental sustainability is of interest to various stakeholders for informed decision making. Financial reporting does not provide sufficient information for stakeholders to make an informed decision. It is with a view to addressing this concern that the study investigated the impact of corporate governance on environmental sustainability disclosure of non-financial companies quoted in Nigeria. Ex-post facto research design was adopted for the study. The population was 109 non-financial companies quoted in Nigeria as at 31 December, 2020. Stratified and purposive sampling techniques were used to select a sample of 72 non-financial companies that were in existence for a period of 9 years, 2012 to 2020. Data were extracted from published annual reports of the sampled non-financial companies and validated by certification of external auditors and the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Data were analyzed using descriptive and multiple regression analysis. The study found that the combined effect of corporate governance (CG) had a significant effect on environmental sustainability disclosure (END) (Adj. R2= 0.1783, F(6, 641) = 170.58, ρ = 0.00). The separated effects were varied. Board Independence (BOI), Nomination Committee (NOC), and Sustainability Responsibility Committee (SRC) have a positive and significant effect on END (BOI=0.0031, t-test=5.28, ρ = 0.001; NOC=0.1391, t-test=3.50, ρ = 0.008; SRC=0.6165, t-test=6.68, ρ = 0.000). Risk Committee (RIC) and Remuneration Committee (REC) have a positive and insignificant effect on END (RIC=0.0519, t-test=1.61, ρ = 0.147; REC=0.0083, t-test=0.020, ρ = 0.849) while Board Meetings has a negative and insignificant effect on END (BOM=-0.0016, t-test=-0.27, ρ = 0.792). The study concluded that corporate governance enhanced environmental sustainability disclosure of non-financial companies quoted in Nigeria. The study recommended that management should institute sound corporate governance mechanisms, especially a sustainability responsibility committee to enable improved environmental sustainability practices and their disclosure.
Abstract: Environmental sustainability performance and its disclosure are not company’s primary objectives rather are practices that lift the reputation of company in society. Environmental sustainability disclosure is not mandatory by accounting standards; however, information on environmental sustainability is of interest to various stakeholders for inform...
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Impact of Computerized Information System on Tax Collection: A Case Study on Ethiopian Revenue and Custom Authority Adama Branch
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
132-140
Received:
22 February 2022
Accepted:
30 March 2022
Published:
9 April 2022
Abstract: A computerized information system involves the use of computer hardware and software to perform sorting, storing and retrieving functions that would otherwise have been done manually by a staff of a bank or an owner of a business. This study was conduct on the title impact of CIS on tax collection system of ERCA Adama branch. It addresses four basic research questions designed to assess impact of CIS on tax collection system of the office. For the purpose of the study primary data were used, in which more information was obtained by questionnaires and unstructured interviews. The researchers used both open and close-ended questionnaires to employees of the office. The researchers used a census method of sample size determination and descriptive design of data analysis. After the data has gathered, it was analyzed and presented. The data analysis has been carried out based on tabulation and percentage method. Careful interpretation of analyzed information would carry out to arrive at reasonable generalization. Ultimately, the research is expected to provide reasonable results that could help the management ERCA Adama branch to make reasonable decisions for their future activity. The major finding of the study states that CIS system in one or another way is important for government revenue collection in ERCA Adama branch office.
Abstract: A computerized information system involves the use of computer hardware and software to perform sorting, storing and retrieving functions that would otherwise have been done manually by a staff of a bank or an owner of a business. This study was conduct on the title impact of CIS on tax collection system of ERCA Adama branch. It addresses four basi...
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Cognitive Capacity Constraint and Attention Allocation in Human Decision Making
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
141-150
Received:
18 April 2022
Published:
20 April 2022
Abstract: The Rational Inattention (RI) model has attracted attention in recent years as a promising candidate for modeling bounded rationality in the fields of decision making and game theory research. The model assumes that there is a cognitive cost (cost of information processing) that is proportional to the amount of mutual information obtained from signals, thereby making it possible to explain various phenomena observed in the market at a certain level. However, the RI model still lacks a sufficient cognitive foundation. In this study, we conducted an experiment to examine whether the cognitive costs and constraints on information processing, which are the assumptions of the Rational Inattention Model, are reasonable from the perspective of neuroeconomics using biometric data such as gaze information and brain responses. We adopted the sequential investment task with a view to applying it to finance. Our results showed that the stochastic choice rational inattention model fit the behavioral data of the present experiment, the larger the cognitive cost the more activated the brain regions involved in costly cognition, And the consistency between gaze information and the capacity constraint of the Kalman filter type model, as expected, when there is a lot of information, not all information can be processed, so more accurate decisions cannot be made.
Abstract: The Rational Inattention (RI) model has attracted attention in recent years as a promising candidate for modeling bounded rationality in the fields of decision making and game theory research. The model assumes that there is a cognitive cost (cost of information processing) that is proportional to the amount of mutual information obtained from sign...
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