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Research Article
En Route from American Exceptionalism to Institutional Hegemony: A Theoretical Study with a Neoclassical Realistic Approach
Sotoudeh Zibakalam Mofrad*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
50-62
Received:
23 December 2024
Accepted:
20 January 2025
Published:
29 April 2025
Abstract: This paper explores how American Exceptionalism has influenced U.S. grand strategy in maintaining its institutional hegemony. It presumes that, since World War II, the U.S. has led a global order founded on multilateral agreements, liberal values, and international institutions, sustained by its tradition of exceptionalism. The study examines how this ideology has shaped U.S. strategic culture and policy-making, reinforcing its dominance across economic, political, security, military, and institutional arenas worldwide. This paper utilizes a neoclassical realist framework to analyze the interplay between global systemic forces and domestic influences in shaping U.S. grand strategy and its institutional hegemony. By synthesizing various hegemonic theories, including realist hegemonic stability theory, liberal institutionalism, and Gramscian cultural perspectives, the study introduces the concept of "Institutional Hegemonic Resilience," emphasizing on the United States' capacity to adapt and sustain its leadership within an increasingly dynamic global landscape. The paper highlights the profound and enduring influence of the ideational features of American Exceptionalism on U.S. foreign policy, demonstrating how this ideological framework has shaped the nation’s strategic approach to maintaining its dominance across economic, political, military, and institutional dimensions. The synthesis of theories on hegemony, brings out the power elements in hegemonic dynamics (as in the Hegemonic Stability theory), the ideational importance of socio-political traditions such as the notion of American Exceptionalism (the Neo-Gramscian perspective) and the vitality of international institutions and the resilience they offer (as in Liberal Institutionalism). The analysis underscores the central role of American Exceptionalism in preserving U.S. hegemonic leadership, illustrating how it enables the United States to effectively navigate shifting international dynamics while reinforcing its global preeminence.
Abstract: This paper explores how American Exceptionalism has influenced U.S. grand strategy in maintaining its institutional hegemony. It presumes that, since World War II, the U.S. has led a global order founded on multilateral agreements, liberal values, and international institutions, sustained by its tradition of exceptionalism. The study examines how t...
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Review Article
Productivity Growth and Innovation in Iran's Economy with a Futures Study Approach
Ali Kianifar*,
Elnaz Sabzei,
Zohreh Hajiha
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
63-70
Received:
13 February 2025
Accepted:
17 April 2025
Published:
19 May 2025
Abstract: The present article examines the growth of productivity and innovations in Iran's economy through a futures studies approach. Emphasizing the current economic developments and challenges facing the country, we analyze the strategies and solutions designed to enhance productivity and promote creative and inventive activities. In this study, the effects of technology and innovation on the productivity growth of Iran's economy are investigated, and solutions to accelerate the innovation process and increase production efficiency are introduced. Among these solutions are strengthening information technology infrastructure, upgrading employee skills, and encouraging research and development. This article, with a focus on creating an innovation ecosystem, reviews successful global experiences and then proposes strategies to achieve these goals in Iran. By presenting modeling and data mining approaches for future analysis, this research will help Iranian economic decision-makers and policymakers identify the best strategies for economic development with an emphasis on productivity. To predict future strategies, we utilize futures studies models and economic simulations. These analyses assist Iran's economic decision-makers in making the best decisions to improve economic productivity. Additionally, the article emphasizes promoting an entrepreneurial culture and establishing a knowledge-based economy to increase inventions and innovations. Enhancing collaboration between universities, industry, and the government is examined as one of the effective solutions in this field. Ultimately, this research, by providing practical guidance and suggestions, helps Iran's economic decision-makers move toward a sustainable, innovative, and high-productivity economy. In the outlook for Iran's economy, a combination of technology, innovation, resource management, and citizen participation can lead to productivity growth and value creation for the national economy. This futures studies approach, considering the recognition of economic motivations and challenges in the country, can aid in formulating appropriate strategies to achieve economic goals.
Abstract: The present article examines the growth of productivity and innovations in Iran's economy through a futures studies approach. Emphasizing the current economic developments and challenges facing the country, we analyze the strategies and solutions designed to enhance productivity and promote creative and inventive activities. In this study, the effe...
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Research Article
The United Nations' Role in Managing the Conflict in South Sudan, 2013-2022: A Focus on Protection of Civilians (PoC) and Humanitarian Assistance
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
71-77
Received:
1 April 2025
Accepted:
18 April 2025
Published:
19 May 2025
Abstract: In a very brief moment of calm in the wake of South Sudan's independence, the country plunged into an armed conflict despite various attempts at mediation and sanctions. Amid such despicable circumstances, the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) intervened to shape choices and interventions to manage the conflict. Some of such intervention domains included Protection of Civilians (PoC) and Humanitarian Assistance. To this effect, this research assessed conflict management by the United Nations in South Sudan with a focus on Protection of Civilians (PoC) and Humanitarian Assistance. The research used primary as well as secondary sources. For the primary sources, the study utilised the instrument of the interview to purposively sample 12 stakeholders who have in-depth knowledge of the subject matter from a population of 50. The secondary source relied on data from textbooks, scholarly, reviewed articles in journals, periodicals, magazines, etc., related to the subject matter. Findings from this study showed that the UN’s effort in managing the conflict was very significant, as it protected civilians. This was done by providing space within its compounds to those fleeing brutal and widespread violence, among others. Findings also showed that UNMISS facilitated the delivery of humanitarian aid like food, shelter, healthcare, and education. The work recommends that more attention by UNNIMISS is needed to South Sudan's socio-economic development for all South Sudanese. There is a need for belligerent groups to prioritize building trust, cooperation, and confidence to firmly implement peace agreements in their attempt to bring long-lasting peace to the country.
Abstract: In a very brief moment of calm in the wake of South Sudan's independence, the country plunged into an armed conflict despite various attempts at mediation and sanctions. Amid such despicable circumstances, the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) intervened to shape choices and interventions to manage the conflict. Some of such interventi...
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Research Article
Impact of Drought Prone Area Programme: An Evaluation Approach in Mahaboobnagar District of India
Chikkepally Srinivasa Rao*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
78-82
Received:
27 March 2025
Accepted:
11 April 2025
Published:
29 May 2025
Abstract: As it is clear by now drought is a short term phenomenon but it its impact is felt over long term. A mild drought followed by a good season may not leave its mark. But if it is severe, it can take a heavy toll of the human, animal and natural resources of the area coming under its direct impact. In this article the author has undertaken an evaluation study of the Drought Prone Area Programme. Usually called as DPAP programme which was initiated and implemented by the Government of India. In the watershed areas the concept of peoples participation is found to be not up to the mark, however some areas where watershed programmes were implemented, there was good peoples response equally found in these areas with PRA (Participant Rural Apprisal). The programme started in the year 1973 and until 1985 when Intigrated Rural Developmentprogramme was started through out India coveiing almost all of the Indian Districts. This programme helped people, livestock and get potable drinking water. Daily availability of employment generating income activities such as Food for Work programme, Anthyodaya, the development of the last person in the row. TRYSEM (Training of Rural Youth for Self Emploment) Sericulture, Aqua culture, Blue Revolution, White Revolution, milk and dairyproduction, were undertaken in a large scale and government reconstruction of disabled, miserable drought conditions through the drought proofing mesures.during decadal intervals.
Abstract: As it is clear by now drought is a short term phenomenon but it its impact is felt over long term. A mild drought followed by a good season may not leave its mark. But if it is severe, it can take a heavy toll of the human, animal and natural resources of the area coming under its direct impact. In this article the author has undertaken an evaluati...
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Research Article
Accessibility Politics: A Study of Disability Rights and the Political Struggles for Inclusive Societies
Aaron Ayeta Mulyanyuma*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
83-89
Received:
2 April 2025
Accepted:
18 April 2025
Published:
29 May 2025
Abstract: Politics of disability rights and accessibility activism are now at the forefront of international movements toward inclusive societies. Years of disability rights activism have not translated into laws, let alone the creation of international guidelines compelling equality, but people with disabilities remain subjected to long-term forms of exclusion and marginalization. Figures regarding work, for instance, place in context acute following disparities between the non-disabled and the disabled which indicate widespread economic disparities. This study looks at the politics of accessibility by examining how legislation, policy architecture, social movements, and emerging technologies all contribute to the daily experience of people with disabilities. While there have been significant advances legislatively—regional accessibility laws as well as international agreements—implementation remains sporadic and more often than not in the absence of the enforcement provisions required to effect significant change. Virtual spaces, in particular, pose new barriers, with most sites and apps remaining inaccessible even when standards do exist. Moreover, the disability experience is not typically monolithic. Instead, it is shaped by intersecting identities such as gender, race, and geography and therefore is vastly intersectional in character. The COVID-19 pandemic further shed light on these disparities by disrupting access to vital services and exacerbating structural inequities. Technological innovation, like artificial intelligence, has introduced new dangers, particularly in computerized hiring systems that inadvertently exclude disabled applicants. The dominant theoretical model—the social model of disability—has been instrumental in shifting attitudes from a concern with individual impairment to societal barriers. There is growing recognition, however, of the need for a more comprehensive model that takes into account medical, cultural, and structural factors as well. This study contends that accessibility must be conceived not merely as a technical or legal issue, but as a broader political and ethical commitment. Disability must be seen as an intrinsic and enriching aspect of human difference, worthy of being fully included and actively participating in all areas of life.
Abstract: Politics of disability rights and accessibility activism are now at the forefront of international movements toward inclusive societies. Years of disability rights activism have not translated into laws, let alone the creation of international guidelines compelling equality, but people with disabilities remain subjected to long-term forms of exclus...
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Research Article
Orientations and Solutions to Improve State Management of Science and Technology in Vietnam in the Context of Building E-government and Digital Government
Luong Ngoc Dung*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
90-97
Received:
18 April 2025
Accepted:
27 April 2025
Published:
6 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.jpsir.20250802.16
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Views:
Abstract: From a once underdeveloped country, Vietnam has been rising in the new era—an era of deep integration and a steadily affirmed position on the international stage. This strength is closely linked to science and technology. In recent years, the Party and the State have introduced numerous policies to promote the development and application of science and technology, actively participating in the Fourth Industrial Revolution and achieving significant results. In the context of a complex and evolving global landscape—ranging from climate change and geopolitical tensions to resource depletion and population aging—the issuance of Resolution 57-NQ/TW on December 22, 2024, by the Politburo marks a strategic move. This resolution on breakthroughs in science, technology, innovation, and national digital transformation affirms the correct orientation of science and technology in Vietnam’s socio-economic development. It holds profound significance for Vietnam’s economic growth model, as the country transitions from an economy based on cheap labor and natural resources to one based on knowledge and high added value. However, Vietnam must further promote science and technology as a key driving force to enhance productivity, competitiveness, and its position on the global stage. This article provides an orientation for Vietnam’s current development of science and technology and proposes solutions to improve state management effectiveness in the context of building an e-government and a digital government.
Abstract: From a once underdeveloped country, Vietnam has been rising in the new era—an era of deep integration and a steadily affirmed position on the international stage. This strength is closely linked to science and technology. In recent years, the Party and the State have introduced numerous policies to promote the development and application of science...
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Research Article
Ethnic Divisions, Geopolitical Pressures, and Foreign Policy Vulnerabilities: Pathways to Peace and Stability in South Sudan
Daniel Ajak Magai*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
98-103
Received:
22 April 2025
Accepted:
6 May 2025
Published:
18 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.jpsir.20250802.17
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: South Sudan’s continued violence and political instability that engulfed the country since its independence stem from deep ethnic divisions exacerbated by political interests along the tribal lines and field by external geopolitical pressures and compounded by a weak foreign policy framework and lack of critical domestic policies to catalyse development, enhance peacebuilding, and promote self-reliance and access to basic services. This article analyses the interplay between Dinka-Nuer rivalries at the politico-national level, fuelled by inter-communal tensions and tendencies, and the effects of strategic interests of regional and global actors, highlighting their role in perpetuating conflict and continued national political divide. The article provides a critical analysis of South Sudan’s diplomatic and economic vulnerabilities as a result of persistent instability and proposes a policy reform with a foreign policy centred on bilateral partnerships, regional collaboration, institutional transparency, and economic diversification. By addressing these dimensions, South Sudan can rebuild trust, gain integrity in the face of regional and international partners, and enhance partnerships with development partners to strengthen governance and chart a sustainable path to peace and stability. Drawing on conflict analysis and policy perspectives, this study offers actionable insights for stakeholders seeking to support South Sudan’s recovery while providing a framework for the country’s policy makers to initiate reforms, an institutional transparency and accountability framework as incentives to development and peacebuilding in the country.
Abstract: South Sudan’s continued violence and political instability that engulfed the country since its independence stem from deep ethnic divisions exacerbated by political interests along the tribal lines and field by external geopolitical pressures and compounded by a weak foreign policy framework and lack of critical domestic policies to catalyse develo...
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Review Article
Social Capital and Political Efficacy: A Review of Theories and Applications in the Context of Cambodian Youth
Sovanna Huot*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
104-113
Received:
12 May 2025
Accepted:
30 May 2025
Published:
23 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.jpsir.20250802.18
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: This Cambodia’s political landscape has been shaped by its post-conflict recovery and democratic transition, yet youth engagement in formal political processes remains limited. As young Cambodian people under the age of 30 make up more than 60% of the population, understanding the factors that enhance their political participation is critical for democratic development. This theoretical review examines how social theory can explain political efficacy among Cambodian youth, addressing the question of how Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) influence political beliefs and actions. Social capital, defined as the networks, trust, and norms that facilitate collective action, is explored through the foundational frameworks of Robert Putnam, Pierre Bourdieu, and James Coleman. This inquiry discusses three dimensions of social capital: bonding (close ties with family and peers), bridging (connections across diverse group), and linking (relationships with institutions and power structures), and how each dimension contributes to internal political efficacy (confidence in understanding the politics), and the external political efficacy (belief in political responsiveness). By synthesizing regional and global literature, this academic explanation demonstrates that Cambodian youth who are embedded in strong familial and community networks tend to develop higher political efficacy and a greater propensity for civic engagement. However, structural barriers such as limited political trust family or community restricted access to formal institutions continue to hinder broader participation. The conducted study concludes that strengthening social capital through grassroots initiatives, civic education, and youth engagement programs can empower young Cambodians to participate more meaningful in democratic processes. It calls for more context-specific and longitudinal research to fully capture the evolving relationship between social capital and political efficacy in Cambodia’s dynamic social-political environment.
Abstract: This Cambodia’s political landscape has been shaped by its post-conflict recovery and democratic transition, yet youth engagement in formal political processes remains limited. As young Cambodian people under the age of 30 make up more than 60% of the population, understanding the factors that enhance their political participation is critical for d...
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