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Climate Change, Its Effect on Livestock Production and Adaptation Strategies in Hawassa Zuria and Hula Districts of Sidama Region, Southern Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 5, October 2020
Pages:
117-129
Received:
3 August 2020
Accepted:
17 August 2020
Published:
3 September 2020
Abstract: Climate change remains the major threat for livelihood of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. This study reviews the effects of climate change on livestock production and adaptation measures employed by the farmers from two districts in Sidama Region. The data was collected from 189 sample households. The climate data were collected from National Meteorological Agency. The results revealed that the trend of RF was increasing by the rate of 0.79mm in Hawassa Zuria and 11.62mm in Hula per annum and there are tendencies indicating a future with warmer climate. The effects of climate change were reduced quality and quantity of feed, increased incidence of diseases, reduced quality and quantity of water and reduced production and reproduction performance of animals. From the total households 27% of the sample households were practicing reducing the number of animals in Hawassa Zuria and income diversification adaptation strategies in Hula. Adaptation strategies considered in the Multinomial logit model analysis were income diversification, supplementary feed, reducing number of animals and diversifying animals. Education, age, labor size, farm size of household and livestock holding are among the factors that might contribute to explain different levels of adaptive capacity within these two communities. Therefore, future policy should focus on improving the quality of meteorological data, water supply, enhancing innovations in livestock production system and enhancing research on use of new improved forage species.
Abstract: Climate change remains the major threat for livelihood of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. This study reviews the effects of climate change on livestock production and adaptation measures employed by the farmers from two districts in Sidama Region. The data was collected from 189 sample households. The climate data were collected from National Mete...
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Reconstructing Deformation History by Using Microstructural and Petrographic Analysis of Sorobo, Konso Area, Southern Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 5, October 2020
Pages:
130-143
Received:
10 March 2020
Accepted:
25 May 2020
Published:
21 September 2020
Abstract: The deformation history of Sorobo, Konso area (southern Ethiopia) within the Mozambique Belt, is described using microstructural and petrographic analysis. The area is characterized by folds and metamorphic fabrics that trend between NNE and NNW and consist of high-grade, amphibolite- to granulite-facies rocks. It is affected by five deformational phases (D1 to D5) and two metamorphic events (M1 & M2). During shortening deformation events (D1 to D3) the development of gneissosity (D1), the formation of tight to isoclinal and recumbent folds (D2) and the superposition of secondary (upright) fold (D3) on earlier recumbent fold resulting in type-3-fold interference pattern are formed respectively. During fourth deformation phase (D4) most of the rock units of the area are affected by shearing or shows east and west vergence. The area is affected by both sinistral and a dextral sense of shearing but dextral shear-sense appears dominant. Brittle type of deformation phase (D5) was developed and resulting in different types of faults varies in orientation. Peak progressive metamorphism of the granulite facies (M1) and retrogression (M2) are also associated with the deformational phase. An equal-area plot and rose diagram shows the orientation of all fabric, which indicates multiphase deformation. Geological structures in the study areas like faults, joints & fissures, shear zones and folds are important depositional sites for different hydrothermal economic mineral deposits.
Abstract: The deformation history of Sorobo, Konso area (southern Ethiopia) within the Mozambique Belt, is described using microstructural and petrographic analysis. The area is characterized by folds and metamorphic fabrics that trend between NNE and NNW and consist of high-grade, amphibolite- to granulite-facies rocks. It is affected by five deformational ...
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Effect of Lime and Phosphorus Fertilizer on Soybean [Glycine max L. (Merrill)] Grain Yield and Yield Components at Mettu in South Western Ethiopia
Tolossa Ameyu,
Efrem Asfaw
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 5, October 2020
Pages:
144-154
Received:
8 June 2020
Accepted:
22 June 2020
Published:
24 September 2020
Abstract: Soil acidity and poor soil fertility are regarded as crop productivity limiting factors particularly in south western Ethiopia. Acidic soils limit the productive potential of crops because of low availability of basic cations and excess of hydrogen and aluminium in exchangeable forms. At the study area, soil acidity is a well-known problem limiting crop productivity. This, study was conducted to determine the effect of lime and phosphorus fertilizers on soybean yields and to explore the best treatments that can maximize the productivity of soybean. Factorial combinations of five lime levels (0, 1.41, 2.82, 4.23 and 5.64 t ha-1) and four P levels (0, 10, 20 and 30kg P ha-1) were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data on yield and yield components, were collected and analyzed using SAS version 9.3 software. Treatment means were compared at 5% level of significance using List Significant Different Test. The results revealed that Lime x phosphorus interactions were significant (p<0.01) for some yield and yield components. Findings showed that the application of phosphorus (30Kg/ha) significantly increased the plant height (67.03 cm), number of pods per plant (49), number of seeds per plant (77.67) above ground biomass (6160Kg/ha) and the grain yield (1828.44 Kg/ha). A combined application of phosphorous at 30 kg/ha and lime at 5.64 t ha-1 had good response in reclaiming the soil and fostering the crop productivity, which is statically at pars with 4.23 lime t/ha and 30 P kg/ha. Study concluded that application of lime with phosphorus proved to be superior with respect to grain yield as well as other yield and growth parameters of soybean. The result of this study verified that application of lime and Phosphorus improved yield and yield related traits of soybean crop. In conclusion further study should be conducted to determine the response of different maturity group of soybean varieties to appropriate rates or combination of lime and phosphorus fertilizers which can maximize the productivity of the crop and reduce soil acidity problem in the study area and finally, the study should be conducted across different acid soil and the agricultural extension suggest the farmers as they apply lime based on the concentration of acid saturation cation until the best combination of lime and phosphorus will be determined.
Abstract: Soil acidity and poor soil fertility are regarded as crop productivity limiting factors particularly in south western Ethiopia. Acidic soils limit the productive potential of crops because of low availability of basic cations and excess of hydrogen and aluminium in exchangeable forms. At the study area, soil acidity is a well-known problem limiting...
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Emission Characteristics of Major Atmospheric Pollutants in Changchun City
Ju Wang,
Yilian Zhao,
Kexin Xue,
Chunsheng Fang
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 5, October 2020
Pages:
155-160
Received:
15 July 2020
Published:
28 September 2020
Abstract: Based on the technical guide for the preparation of air pollutant emission inventory, this paper makes a statistical analysis of the basic data of air pollution related to the Changchun, and according to the relevant literatures, establishes a list of the main air pollutant emissions from the Changchun 2016 air pollution emission sources (including fine particles, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides). Then the uncertainty analysis is made by Monte Carlo method, and the countermeasures of Changchun air pollution control are put forward. The results showed that the total emission of PM2.5 in Changchun in 2016 was 70986.45t, and the emissions from the main sources are fixed combustion source, mobile source, process source, biomass burning source and dust source respectively. According to the analysis, we know that coal-based energy consumption structure not only contributes significantly to the emission of one fine particulate matter, but also emits a large number of two fine particulate precursor materials, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides. The total sulfur dioxide emission in Changchun in 2016 is 52183.55t, and the total NOx emission is 13.15 million tons. The uncertainty analysis of the Monte Carlo method shows that the uncertainty range of the emission inventory is small and the estimation results are quite credible.
Abstract: Based on the technical guide for the preparation of air pollutant emission inventory, this paper makes a statistical analysis of the basic data of air pollution related to the Changchun, and according to the relevant literatures, establishes a list of the main air pollutant emissions from the Changchun 2016 air pollution emission sources (including...
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Population Growth and Environmental Changes: Conclusions Drawn from the Contradictory Experiences of Developing Countries
Barana Babiso,
Senbetie Toma,
Aklilu Bajigo
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 5, October 2020
Pages:
161-169
Received:
16 April 2020
Accepted:
10 September 2020
Published:
28 September 2020
Abstract: This review was intended to explore the interplays between environmental change and rapid population growth in developing countries. In the course of discussion, the impacts of rapidly growing population on the environment have been discussed, and evidence, from various parts of the world has been traced. We have surveyed a wide array of literature with an emphasis from the past decades and focused on the population-environment research. Indeed, the most salient findings depicting global trends in population, energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, or land area deforested has often been used to demonstrate the impact that population has on the environment. It also revealed that all across the developing countries, farm size is shrinking as farmers continue to subdivide holdings among their children. In countries such as Malawi, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Haiti, Nepal and Bangladesh, population growth rates are high, and the non-farm sector is still in its early stages of development. Demographic pressure, land scarcity, and land fragmentation drive greater rural vulnerability and poverty, marked by decreased food security, inadequate response to such natural disasters such as drought or pest infestations, weakened resilience to shocks, and poor health. It is not just the supply of food, fodder, and fuel wood but the resource base itself and the lives that depend upon it are being affected. Most of developing country has a comparatively high land/population ratio, but appears to be particularly vulnerable to problems induced by population growth. Smallholders are experiencing problems in gaining access to land due to serious completion on the resource. The evidences pinpoints that man through his non-sustainable production and consumption patterns, is placed at the heart of environmental changes. However, contradictory views, and practices are also in place that the population growth has positive impacts environmental restoration and improvements, while other evidences show insignificant effect of population on the environment. This contradicting scenario puts scholars in argument, and still need further research. However, the policy makers should start looking into measures to population growth unless one can only foresee Malthusian laws taking in charge of current situation in developing countries.
Abstract: This review was intended to explore the interplays between environmental change and rapid population growth in developing countries. In the course of discussion, the impacts of rapidly growing population on the environment have been discussed, and evidence, from various parts of the world has been traced. We have surveyed a wide array of literature...
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Efficient Detection of Aerosols Above Clouds Utilizing GCOM-C/SGLI Data
Sonoyo Mukai,
Makiko Nakata,
Toshiyuki Fujito,
Itaru Sano
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 5, October 2020
Pages:
170-180
Received:
4 October 2020
Accepted:
19 October 2020
Published:
26 October 2020
Abstract: This work aimed at detection of aerosols above clouds (AAC). It has been known that AAC has significant potential to change the global radiation budget, namely plays an important role in elucidating climate change. First we examined the advantages of multichannel data from near-UV to thermal infrared (IR) including polarization channels at red and near-IR collected using the GCOM-C/SGLI. The near-UV data at 0.38μm and 0.41μm not only detected absorbing aerosols such as biomass burning aerosols (BBA) or mineral dust (DUST), but were also used to distinguish between BBA and DUST with short wavelength IR measurements at 1.63μm. Because understanding aerosol types facilitates subsequent aerosol characterization, classification algorithms for aerosol types have been dealt with since the previous work. Discriminant verification was performed using ground measurements from NASA/AERONET and practically examined in a case of large forest fire. Then the detection of optically thick clouds was challenged in a similar way to aerosol classification in order to lead such a final goal of this work as detection of aerosols above clouds. Subsequently some scenes concerned with DUST type aerosols or BBA ones above water clouds were detected using GCOM-C/SGLI radiance or polarization measurements, respectively, and validated with Terra/MODIS products.
Abstract: This work aimed at detection of aerosols above clouds (AAC). It has been known that AAC has significant potential to change the global radiation budget, namely plays an important role in elucidating climate change. First we examined the advantages of multichannel data from near-UV to thermal infrared (IR) including polarization channels at red and ...
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