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Proportion of Visceral Leishmaniasis and Human Immune Deficiency Virus Co- Infection among Clinically Confirmed Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients at the Endemic Foci of the Amhara National Regional State, North-West Ethiopia
Mulat Yimer,
Bayeh Abera,
Wondemagegn Mulu,
Yohannes Zenebe,
Belay Bezabih
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2014
Pages:
1-7
Received:
22 September 2013
Published:
20 December 2013
Abstract: In East Africa, especially in Ethiopia, the proportion of VL patients with HIV co-infection has increased, despite a decline in the numbers of co-infected patients in Europe. The Metema and Humera lowland areas in the north-west are particularly associated with high HIV co-infection rates, ranging from 18% to 31% of the cases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the proportion of VL/HIV co- infection among clinically confirmed VL patients in the endemic foci of the Amhara Region. Institutional based cross- sectional study was conducted from February to July, 2013 on the proportion of VL/HIV co- infection among clinically confirmed VL patients. For the study, a total of 409 participants who were clinically confirmed VL patients were participated in four selected endemic foci (Libokemkem, Belessa, Metema and west Armachiho). Proportionate allocation was used to determine the number of patients involved in each selected endemic foci. Of the 409 clinically confirmed VL patients, the overall proportion of VL/ HIV co-infection was 74 (18.1%). Among the VL endemic foci, proportion of VL/ HIV co- infection was highest in Abdrafi 69 (93.2%) followed by Metema 5 (6.8 %.). However, in Addis Zemen and Belessa showed nil (0 %). Among the study participants, males were more VL/HIV co-infected 74 (19.4%) than females (0%) (P < 0.012) and the age groups from 21-35 were the highest infected group 68 (16.6%) (P<0. 001). Moreover, those patients who came from rural areas were more VL/ HIV co-infected 46 (35.1%) than urban dwellers 28 (23.1%) (P< 0. 001). Furthermore, daily labourers were the highest infected group 60 (57.1%) (P < 0.001) and those who had no formal education had more VL/HIV co-infected 62 (24.6%) (P < 0.001) than those who had formal education. The overall proportion of VL/ HIV co-infection was still high and among the VL endemic foci, proportion of VL/ HIV co- infection was highest in Abdrafi followed by Metema. However, in Addis Zemen and Belessa showed nil. Therefore, face to face health education is mandatory to create awareness about VL, HIV and VL/HIV co –infection and its consequence at the Kebele level.
Abstract: In East Africa, especially in Ethiopia, the proportion of VL patients with HIV co-infection has increased, despite a decline in the numbers of co-infected patients in Europe. The Metema and Humera lowland areas in the north-west are particularly associated with high HIV co-infection rates, ranging from 18% to 31% of the cases. Therefore, the aim of...
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Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and Cell-Block Study of Various Breast Lumps
Raafat Awad Hegazy,
Abdelmonem Awad Hegazy,
Fathy Ahmed Fetouh,
Samir Ibrahim
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2014
Pages:
8-17
Received:
30 November 2013
Published:
30 December 2013
Abstract: Aim of the study was to evaluate the importance of the combined use of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and cell-block in the diagnosis of different breast lesions. Patient and methods: This study was a prospective study of 310 cases (301 females and 9 males) with breast swelling, coming to cytopathology unit, faculty of medicine, Zagazig University. FNAC and cell-block were performed. Cytological findings of smears and cell-blocks were correlated to histopathological results. Results: Most of cases were diagnosed as benign lesions or normal findings. The majority of FNAC samples was diagnosed as fibrocystic disease (160 cases, 51.6%), followed by fibroadenoma in 54 cases (17.4%). Positive cases for malignancy, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma and false negative cases were encountered in 50 cases (16.1%). Studying the histopathological results showed that true positive cases by FNAC and cell-block were 47 in number (15.16%) and true negative ones were 247 cases (82.90%). False positive cases were 3 in number (0.96%) and false negative ones were also 3 cases (0.96%). Sensitivity was 94% and specificity was 98%. Positive predictive and negative predictive values were 94% and 98%, respectively. False positive and false negative rates were 1.15% and 6% respectively. Total accuracy was 98%. Conclusion: It is advised to perform cell-blocks for each case of breast FNAC to decrease the pitfalls and to improve the diagnosis and management of breast lumps.
Abstract: Aim of the study was to evaluate the importance of the combined use of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and cell-block in the diagnosis of different breast lesions. Patient and methods: This study was a prospective study of 310 cases (301 females and 9 males) with breast swelling, coming to cytopathology unit, faculty of medicine, Zagazig Uni...
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Study of Risk Factors Related to HBsAg Reactivity among Outdoor Patients in Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh
Ashfaq Imtiaz Uddin,
Monira Pervin,
Md. Sakil Munna,
Rashed Noor
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2014
Pages:
18-21
Received:
18 January 2014
Published:
20 February 2014
Abstract: Current investigation attempted to uncover common risk factors associated with HBsAg positivity among the suspected patients of Hepatitis B viral infection. Blood specimens were collected from patients prescribed to undergo HBsAg positivity test and tested for the detection of HBsAg through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HBsAg positivity was analyzed in relation to age, family history of HBV infection, unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, blood transfusions, frequency of needle pricks, intravenous drug addiction, dental surgery and other surgical operations of the patients. Out of 50 patients, 23 were found to be HBsAg positive. After statistical analysis of all the factors it was deduced that patients who had unprotected sex and whose families (especially the mother of the patient) had a history of HBV infection were mostly found to be HBsAg positive. Detection of HBsAg positive cases with multiple associated risk factors revealed that the general people in Bangladesh need to be more conscious on the possible infection aware of getting infected with HBV as they are being frequently exposed subjected to the risk factors.
Abstract: Current investigation attempted to uncover common risk factors associated with HBsAg positivity among the suspected patients of Hepatitis B viral infection. Blood specimens were collected from patients prescribed to undergo HBsAg positivity test and tested for the detection of HBsAg through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HBsAg positivit...
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Phytochemical Screening, and in-Vitro Antioxidant Activities in Different Solvent Extracts of Vitex Doniana Leaves, Stem Bark and Root Bark
James,
Dorcas Bolanle,
Sheneni,
Victor Duniya,
Kadejo,
Olubukola Adetoro,
Yatai,
Kenneth Bobai
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2014
Pages:
22-27
Received:
20 January 2014
Published:
20 March 2014
Abstract: Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities in different solvent extracts of Vitex doniana leaves, stem bark and root bark was carried out. The extracts were subjected to various chemical test for phytochemical constituents, total phenolic contents were evaluated using Folin Ciocalteu method and their antioxidant activity was assayed through in- vitro radical scavenging activity using DPPH• assay, phytochemical screening of this study indicate the presence of cardiac glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, saponnins, alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids. The average total phenol content of leaves methanol and leaves ethanol extracts were significantly (P<0.05) higher when compared with the total polyphenol contents in the acetone and aqueous solvent extracts. In order of effectiveness (IC50) of the plant extracts the potent inhibitors was leaves ethanol extract (0.227mg/ml), follow by stem bark ethanol extract (0.236mg/ml), the least was the root ethanol extract (0.567mg/ml).This shows that Vitex doniana solvent extracts especially the ethanolic leaves extracts may be a potent source of natural antioxidant and it use in the management of diseases associated with oxidative stress is justify.
Abstract: Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities in different solvent extracts of Vitex doniana leaves, stem bark and root bark was carried out. The extracts were subjected to various chemical test for phytochemical constituents, total phenolic contents were evaluated using Folin Ciocalteu method and their antioxidant activity was assayed throug...
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Studies on Lipid Profile Levels in Hypertensive and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Ajuru,
Gospel,
Okolonkwo,
Benjamin,
Okeke,
Chukwubike
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2014
Pages:
28-33
Received:
10 February 2014
Published:
20 March 2014
Abstract: Studies on the effect of non-hypertensive and hypertensive type 2 diabetes on lipid profile was performed to determine whether these biochemical parameters were affected in individuals associated with these disease conditions. A total of one hundred and thirty-three (133) individuals were used for these studies. Of these thirty-five (35) were established hypertensive diabetics and thirty (30) are established non-hypertensive diabetics. The established hypertensive non-diabetics were thirty-three (33) while thirty-five (35) were normal healthy individuals. The results showed that there was no significant differences (P>0.05) in the mean concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and glucose between hypertensive diabetics and non-hypertensive diabetics studied. The study also showed that there were no significance differences (P>0.05) in the mean levels of all the parameters measured between hypertensive diabetics and hypertensive non-diabetics subjects studied, except for serum glucose that significantly higher (P<0.05) in hypertensive diabetics. It was observed that mean concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDC-cholesterol, as well as systolic blood pressure were significantly higher (P<0.05) in hypertensive diabetics compared with normal healthy individuals. The results also show that the mean HDL-cholesterol level was significantly lower (P>0.05) in hypertensive diabetics compared with normal healthy individuals. It was also observed that the concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher (P>0.05) in hypertensive non diabetics individuals compared with normal healthy individuals studied. However, the glucose and pulse rate mean levels showed no significant difference (P>0.05) between hypertensive non-diabetics and normal healthy individuals.
Abstract: Studies on the effect of non-hypertensive and hypertensive type 2 diabetes on lipid profile was performed to determine whether these biochemical parameters were affected in individuals associated with these disease conditions. A total of one hundred and thirty-three (133) individuals were used for these studies. Of these thirty-five (35) were estab...
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