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Land Use Dynamics and Agro-pastoral Conflicts in Menchum Division, Cameroon
Balgah Sounders Nguh,
Amos Fang Zeh
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2016
Pages:
1-12
Received:
8 September 2016
Accepted:
22 September 2016
Published:
11 October 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.larp.20160101.11
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Abstract: This study sets out to investigate land use dynamics and agro-pastoral conflicts in Menchum Division, North West Region of Cameroon. The major land uses are: agriculture, settlements and grazing. The dynamism of these variables over time has led to the prevalence of agro-pastoral conflicts in Menchum Division. These conflicts are the farmer-grazier conflicts, grazier-grazier conflicts and the farmer-farmer conflicts. This paper has examined the different land uses over time in the context of these conflicts, has discussed the causes of the conflicts and the impacts of these conflicts on the people of Menchum. It has also proposed conflict management options in Menchum Division. The study employed the use of primary and secondary data sources to come out with the results. The major primary data sources included field observation, interviews and questionnaires. A total of 178 questionnaires were distributed using the stratified random sampling technique and the data obtained was supplemented by secondary sources from published and unpublished materials. The data were presented in tables, charts and graphs and subjected to interpretation. The findings revealed that the farmer-grazier conflicts have precarious effects on the indigenous population and that many indigenes are not satisfied with the way conflicts are resolved in Menchum. They attribute it to the appointment of Divisional Officers (DOs) and Senior Divisional Officers (SDOs) and the continuous money minded royal linages. It was also found out that conflict prevention strategies are used but remain inadequate because of animal mobility, population pressure and the deterioration of the environment. The study recommended, among other things, the need for agro-pastoral education in managing the commons, government subsidies to farmers and graziers and the creation of many transhumance zones.
Abstract: This study sets out to investigate land use dynamics and agro-pastoral conflicts in Menchum Division, North West Region of Cameroon. The major land uses are: agriculture, settlements and grazing. The dynamism of these variables over time has led to the prevalence of agro-pastoral conflicts in Menchum Division. These conflicts are the farmer-grazier...
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Graphic-Analytical Method of Relief Plane Definition
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2016
Pages:
13-17
Received:
7 August 2016
Accepted:
10 September 2016
Published:
14 October 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.larp.20160101.12
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Abstract: The graphic-analytic method of plane definition of general landform slope for engineering problems of vertical leveling is offered in article. It is possible to choose an optimum surface project, with the series of conservation measures of a natural landform, particulary, in problems of vertical leveling of ameliorative earth on the basis of the plane of general slope.
Abstract: The graphic-analytic method of plane definition of general landform slope for engineering problems of vertical leveling is offered in article. It is possible to choose an optimum surface project, with the series of conservation measures of a natural landform, particulary, in problems of vertical leveling of ameliorative earth on the basis of the pl...
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The Impact of Incorporating Slag Aggregates on the Abrasion Behavior of Concrete Paver Blocks
Ahmed Abdelbary,
Ashraf Ragab Mohamed
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2016
Pages:
18-24
Received:
26 August 2016
Accepted:
5 November 2016
Published:
5 December 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.larp.20160101.13
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Abstract: Recently, the interlocking concrete block pavement has been extensively used in many countries as an alternative to concrete and asphalt pavements. It has become a good choice for paving of parking areas, pedestrian walks, traffic intersections, and roads. The abrasion resistance of concrete pavement is defined by its ability to resist being worn away by friction and rubbing. The compressive strength and the aggregate type are two important factors that affect the abrasive behavior of concrete. In this study, the natural coarse aggregate was replaced by Electrical Arc Furnace Slag (EAFS) in order to improve mechanical properties of concrete pavement blocks. The effect of different mixing ratios of EAFS on abrasion resistance, compressive strength, and water absorption is evaluated. Abrasion and other requirements for interlocking concrete pavers are evaluated according to ASTM standards. Results suggested that EAFS is a good alternative to the normal available aggregates.
Abstract: Recently, the interlocking concrete block pavement has been extensively used in many countries as an alternative to concrete and asphalt pavements. It has become a good choice for paving of parking areas, pedestrian walks, traffic intersections, and roads. The abrasion resistance of concrete pavement is defined by its ability to resist being worn a...
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Critical Analysis of Growth Trend & Growth Pattern of Hill Track: A Study on Khagrachari Hill District, Bangladesh
Rahat Sharif,
Md. Ashraful Islam
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2016
Pages:
25-29
Received:
13 November 2016
Accepted:
13 December 2016
Published:
20 January 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.larp.20160101.14
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Abstract: Urbanization in Bangladesh takes the form of rapid growth of urban population, largely due to natural growth and rural-urban migration. Khagrachari, one of the hill track districts of Bangladesh, is located on the south east side of Chittagong division. Khagrachari pourashava is an A category pourashava. This study represents the urban growth pattern and growth trend of the pourashava area. Golabari, mahajanpara, chinginala, pankhaiapara are some historical settlements of khagrachari pourashava. From 1970 to 1990 there was slow urbanization. But in 2000 and it developed in moderate scale and in 2010 the city become more developed. There are some influencing factors as Topographical factors, proximate factor, Political/safety factor which are responsible for the urban growth of the khagrachari pourashava area.
Abstract: Urbanization in Bangladesh takes the form of rapid growth of urban population, largely due to natural growth and rural-urban migration. Khagrachari, one of the hill track districts of Bangladesh, is located on the south east side of Chittagong division. Khagrachari pourashava is an A category pourashava. This study represents the urban growth patte...
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The Spatial Formation of the Fire Temple of Zoroastrianism
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2016
Pages:
30-37
Received:
4 December 2016
Accepted:
28 December 2016
Published:
20 January 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.larp.20160101.15
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Abstract: Zoroastrianism like Buddhism occurs among the beliefs that emphasize a philosophical side. The battle between good and evil lays at the basis of Zoroastrianism. In Zoroastrianism philosophy water, earth and fire are considered holy and worship while looking at fire, light or the sun. The Zoroastrians didn’t worship fire, their fire was exalted and, while accepting it as a direction marker, they would pray in front of it. However they believed that it was the light of god or knowledge. Examples of the fire temple which forms the subject of the communiqué may be found in Azerbaijan too and it is said that the name of Azerbaijan is taken from these structures. According to this, Azerbaijan comes to mean the “home of fires”. When Azerbaijan accepted Islam, the Zoroastrians migrated from here to India and some scattered to other countries. Today it continues its existence from India as “Parsee temples”. The purpose of the communiqué is debating the examples in Anatolia, Iran and India (Mumbai) while examining the architectural form of the fire temple structures and their symbolic characteristics.
Abstract: Zoroastrianism like Buddhism occurs among the beliefs that emphasize a philosophical side. The battle between good and evil lays at the basis of Zoroastrianism. In Zoroastrianism philosophy water, earth and fire are considered holy and worship while looking at fire, light or the sun. The Zoroastrians didn’t worship fire, their fire was exalted and,...
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Landscape Modeling with the Use of Ground Surveying Spot Elevation Measurements at Bare Lands
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2016
Pages:
38-48
Received:
30 October 2016
Accepted:
29 November 2016
Published:
21 January 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.larp.20160101.16
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Abstract: Landscape modeling is considered as a main objective of any terrain investigation operation that is usually performed through qualitative and quantitative analysis of the earth’s surface. Quantitative studies of the terrain landscape demands acquisition of extensive high-resolution topographic data for the extraction of the earth’s surface parameters and the landscape components through exploitation of the main products of the topographic data namely; the Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) as inputs. Engineering surveying methods can provide high quality digital elevation measurements that can be utilized in the creation of the DEMs necessary for landscape modeling processes. Different factors such as; the data source, the original point data density, the spatial resolution and interpolation scheme determines the quality of the generated DEM which intern affects the process of the landscape modeling. This research is focused towards investigating the effects of the spatial resolution on the quality of the DEM as a main input in landscape modeling operations. Real elevation measurements collected from a test site close to Cairo, Egypt have been used in creation of DEMs with varying resolutions. Qualitative and quantitative analysis have been applied on that DEMs through the application of 3D visual analysis, the statistical analysis of residual DEMs, analysis of contour-line maps generated from the residual DEMs, profiling at mild terrain landscapes and finally profiling at rough terrain landscapes. The analysis has shown decrease in terrain corrugations and landscape details with the decrease in grid resolution. In addition, coarser tone and coarser texture 3D views have been obtained from lower resolution DEMs. The statistical analysis of the residual DEMs has indicated decrease in the ranges of elevation residuals and increase in the mean standard errors of the residual DEMs due to degradations of the DEM resolution. Analysis of the residual contour-line maps generated from the residual DEMs has shown decreases in the residual contour-line concentrations with the decrease in the DEM resolutions. Additionally, there has been increasing deterioration in the extracted profiles with increasing the size of the grid cells which makes the profiles to be increasingly stepped. Moreover, degradations in the DEM grid resolution have produced bigger deteriorations of the extracted profiles at rough terrain landscapes than that at mild terrain landscapes.
Abstract: Landscape modeling is considered as a main objective of any terrain investigation operation that is usually performed through qualitative and quantitative analysis of the earth’s surface. Quantitative studies of the terrain landscape demands acquisition of extensive high-resolution topographic data for the extraction of the earth’s surface paramete...
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A Comparative Study for Dynamic Responses of Tall Buildings Due to Wind Load Distribution Patterns
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2016
Pages:
49-54
Received:
26 November 2016
Accepted:
27 December 2016
Published:
21 January 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.larp.20160101.17
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Abstract: In this study, the loading pattern of skewed and orthogonal wind condition is analysed to find how much increased or reduced response. As the height of the buildings increases, its vulnerability to wind effects also increases. Codes and Standards utilize the “gust loading factor” (GLF) approach for estimating dynamic effect on high-rise structures for 0, 45 and 90 degree. At the real situation of wind load, these conditions are not covered for strong wind responses. In order to get the responses of other skewed wind direction, various type of loading patterns is assumed to apply the wind load. For the dynamic response analysis of a structure under strong winds, the spectral response method in a frequency domain or the step-by-step integration of motion equation in a time domain is used. This paper aims to make a comparison of various loading patterns of skewed and orthogonal wind in along-wind and across-wind response with respect to the gust response factor (GRF) of dynamic wind load on tall buildings. In this study, the model building is analysed for strong wind in Yangon area and costal area. Then, comparison of maximum structural responses for strong wind is studied.
Abstract: In this study, the loading pattern of skewed and orthogonal wind condition is analysed to find how much increased or reduced response. As the height of the buildings increases, its vulnerability to wind effects also increases. Codes and Standards utilize the “gust loading factor” (GLF) approach for estimating dynamic effect on high-rise structures ...
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