Research Article
Sufi Orders and Islamic Sectarianism in China: Origin and Early Development
Min Ke Qin*
,
Mai Jian-jun
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 6, December 2025
Pages:
519-532
Received:
20 September 2025
Accepted:
4 October 2025
Published:
30 October 2025
Abstract: In the studies on Islam, Sufism is an unavoidable topic, so is with Chinese Islam. This paper focuses on Chinese Islamic Sufi orders and sectarianism. Since the length of the paper is quite long, it is divided into two parts, under slightly different titles. The first title is above stated, while the second will be “Sufi Orders and Sectarians: The Shattering Chinese Muslims Unity”. It is intended by this paper to provide the reader a fuller and clearer picture on Chinese Sufism and sectarianism, whose introduction into the country since beginning stirred up disputes and conflicts within Muslim community, later spilled out the community, and escalated to common rebellion against Qing government (1644-1911) from 1862 to 1878. In this first part, the author traces the fountain sources of those orders and sectarians, often to Arab nations and Central Asia, even Muslim India. In the discussion, the author redivides those orders and sectarians into three categories: one traditional school (Qedim sect), three movements (Xidaotang, Ikhwan, and Salafiyya), and four Sufi orders (Jehriyya, Khufiyya, Qadiriyya, Kubrawiyya). Based on the existing materials, mainly Ma Tong’s field research work, which provides the firsthand information on Chinese Sufi orders and sectarianism, the author delineates the formation of those Sufi orders and sectarians, so to lay a solid foundation for further discussion of their later development, analyzing the causes and reasons of later disputes and conflict. This paper does not claim to be creative and all-inclusive but try to provide the reader a fuller contour of Chinese Islam. It best can be complementary to the existing body of similar research.
Abstract: In the studies on Islam, Sufism is an unavoidable topic, so is with Chinese Islam. This paper focuses on Chinese Islamic Sufi orders and sectarianism. Since the length of the paper is quite long, it is divided into two parts, under slightly different titles. The first title is above stated, while the second will be “Sufi Orders and Sectarians: The ...
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Research Article
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing the Process of Disseminating and Innovating Urban Subway Culture
Peng Jun*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 6, December 2025
Pages:
533-539
Received:
10 October 2025
Accepted:
20 October 2025
Published:
7 November 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.hss.20251306.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Background: With the development of artificial intelligence technology and the transformation of the city image to the global comprehensive factor system, new demands have emerged for the visual representation of urban subway culture. Objective: In the era of artificial intelligence, we should explore the innovative ideas of urban subway cultural communication and put forward feasible cultural communication strategies. Methods The new trend of artificial intelligence technology is studied, and the new direction of urban subway culture communication is explored in combination with the information receiving mode of subway passenger groups. Through analysis, induction and other methods, the expression strategy of urban subway culture communication intelligence is proposed. Results: The study finds artificial intelligence technology to analyze the three main aspects of artificial intelligence to promote the new mission of urban subway culture communication, artificial intelligence to promote the new form of urban subway culture communication, and artificial intelligence to promote the new measures of urban subway culture communication, so as to realize the function of urban subway culture construction and publicity and promotion, and provide new ideas for the innovative development of urban subway culture image. Conclusion: Under the premise of establishing the concept of artificial intelligence, the dissemination of urban subway culture should aim at continuously meeting the public's vision of more and higher subway travel needs, so as to realize the development and innovation of urban cultural economy.
Abstract: Background: With the development of artificial intelligence technology and the transformation of the city image to the global comprehensive factor system, new demands have emerged for the visual representation of urban subway culture. Objective: In the era of artificial intelligence, we should explore the innovative ideas of urban subway cultural c...
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Research Article
Indeterminacy and Personism in Postmodern American Poetry: A Study of Selected Meaningless Poets
Njume Emmanuel Ekindesone*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 6, December 2025
Pages:
540-547
Received:
3 October 2025
Accepted:
14 October 2025
Published:
26 November 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.hss.20251306.13
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: True to its culture of breaking boundaries and overlapping edges, postmodern art, as well as theory has become a veritable terrain for artistic experimentation and innovation as advocated by Ezra Pound’s phrase “Make it New”. It is definitely in the light of showcasing such novelty that this paper is borne. The paper sets out to discuss postmodern poetics drawing examples from the poems of five authors: Charles Oslon, Frank O’Hara, Allen Ginsberg, John Cage and Robert Duncan. The article basically sets out to answer the question what is postmodern or cyber poetry and what are its defining aesthetics? It also attempts a comparative analysis of postmodernist poetics and the aesthetics of the poets under study. The paper is hinged on the hypothesis that besides unintelligibility and indeterminacy, personism and spontaneity,- the distancing of the author and proceduralism (the self-consciousness of postmodern improvisation), self-reflexivity, and reader engagement are some of the hall marks of postmodern poetry. By debunking grammar and syntax, and emphasizing pastiche and the meaninglessness of their poems; these poets demonstrate that far from organic unity and decorum, postmodern poetry exemplifies playful pluralism and “other” worlds and voices of contemporary postmodern experience. The paper submits that postmodern poets are derivative poets who engage in post-language lyric, and cyber technology as a form of poetics.
Abstract: True to its culture of breaking boundaries and overlapping edges, postmodern art, as well as theory has become a veritable terrain for artistic experimentation and innovation as advocated by Ezra Pound’s phrase “Make it New”. It is definitely in the light of showcasing such novelty that this paper is borne. The paper sets out to discuss postmodern ...
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