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Steady State Numerical Simulation of Natural Gas Cleaning Process
Marwa Ahmed Khodary,
Yousra Hamdy Farid
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 1, February 2021
Pages:
1-5
Received:
16 December 2020
Accepted:
8 January 2021
Published:
22 January 2021
Abstract: Natural gas is a promising elective source of methane (CH4) due to its accessibility and renewability. However, unfortunately, a high rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) and very little hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is found in this CH4 source. These compounds must be removed to get natural gas of satisfactory quality. One of the most modern common strategies of synchronous CO2 and H2S removal is chemical absorption, i.e. the use of a Pressure Swing Absorber (PSA). In order to design an efficient plant, the characteristic acidic gas treating plant is mimicked utilizing Aspen HYSYS 8.8. The point of this mimicry is to attain the methane immaculateness of the natural gas by determining the optimum working pressure using a Pressure Swing Absorber (PSA) in which the feed sour gas is fed to the absorber at a concentration of 0.25 CO2 and 0.0004 H2S. The absorber parameters are: 30°C (temperature), 1.1 bars (initial pressure) and 15 m3/h (stream rate), and 25 wt. % monoethanolamine (MEA) concentrate. A 20-stage PSA with a tray diameter of 1.7 m is used. The results of the study show that in order to obtain natural gas with a methane purity of 95%, a PSA working pressure of 5 bars is needed.
Abstract: Natural gas is a promising elective source of methane (CH4) due to its accessibility and renewability. However, unfortunately, a high rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) and very little hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is found in this CH4 source. These compounds must be removed to get natural gas of satisfactory quality. One of the most modern common strategies of...
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Synthesis of Schiff Bases Compounds from Oxamic Hydrazide: Spectroscopic Characterization, X–ray Diffraction Structure and Antioxidant Activity Study
Fatou Faye,
Amadou Guèye,
Papa Samba Camara,
Aïssatou Alioune Gaye,
Farba Bouyagui Tamboura,
Nathalie Gruber,
Mohamed Gaye
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 1, February 2021
Pages:
6-12
Received:
2 January 2021
Accepted:
11 January 2021
Published:
22 January 2021
Abstract: The compounds (E)–2–amino–N'–(1–(2–hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene)–2–oxoacetohydrazide (I) and (E)–N'–(2–hydroxy–3–methoxybenzylidene)–2–amino–2–oxoacetohydrazide (II) were synthetized by the 1:1 ratio condensation reaction of oxamic hydrazide and 2–hydroxyacetophenone or o–vanillin respectively. The two compounds were characterized by physico–chemical analyses, elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies techniques. The structure of the compound (I) was determined by single–crystal X–ray diffraction study. The compound (I) (C10H11N3O3) crystallises in the triclinic space group P–1 with the following unit cell parameters: a = 7.0399 (5) Å, b = 8.6252 (8) Å, c = 9.5474 (9) Å, a = 81.730 (3)°, b = 72.738 (3)°, g = 67.450 (3)°, V = 510.99 (8) Å3, Z = 2, T = 173 (2) K, m = 0.11 mm–1, Dcalc = 1.438 g/cm3, Rint = 0.028, Rsigma = 0.073. The oxamic hydrazide moiety of the molecule is slightly twisted as reflected by the torsion angles values of 177.2 (2)° [N1–N2–C9–C10], –171.3 (3)° [N2–C9–C10–N3], –4.6 (4)° [O2–C9–N2–N1] and 8.4 (4)° [O3–C10–C9–N2]. The intramolecular hydrogen bond O1(phenol)–H1•••N1(hydrazide) which close in S (6) ring stabilized the conformation. The intermolecular hydrogen bonds, C3–H3•••O1i(phenol) (i: −x+1, −y, −z+1), N3(amide)–H3A•••O3ii(amide) (ii: −x+1, −y+2, −z) and N3(amide)–H3B•••O2iii(hydrazide) (iii: −x+1, −y+1, −z) lead to the formation of sheets parallel to ac plane. Compounds (I) and (II) showed antioxidant activities less than 10% inhibition of DPPH.
Abstract: The compounds (E)–2–amino–N'–(1–(2–hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene)–2–oxoacetohydrazide (I) and (E)–N'–(2–hydroxy–3–methoxybenzylidene)–2–amino–2–oxoacetohydrazide (II) were synthetized by the 1:1 ratio condensation reaction of oxamic hydrazide and 2–hydroxyacetophenone or o–vanillin respectively. The two compounds were characterized by physico–chemical a...
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Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Resources in the Department of Nyan, Province of Logone Oriental in Chad
Ngaram Nambatingar,
Maoudombaye Theophile,
Tarkodjiel Mianpeureum
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 1, February 2021
Pages:
13-20
Received:
28 December 2020
Accepted:
15 January 2021
Published:
22 January 2021
Abstract: The present research work was carried out in the Department of Nyan, Province of Logone Oriental. It allowed the quantification of heavy metal contents in well, borehole and river water intended for human consumption. Samples from these water sources were collected and submitted for laboratory analysis. Structural quality indicators such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and sulphate ions were measured first. The sample was acidified and the measurement is then performed on the metals, i.e. barium, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, copper, chromium, aluminium, lead, strontium, tin, zirconium and titanium. The results of the quality indicators showed that well and borehole waters have an acidic pH; their average measured values are 5.34±0.24 and 5.48±0.15 respectively. Well water and that of rivers have high turbidity values averaging 43.40±1.21 NTU and 47.56±1.5 NTU respectively. With respect to metals, some have values above the WHO drinking water standards. These include iron, which has high values in well water (7.890±0.016 mg/L) and river water (0.866±0.003 mg/L), manganese in well water (0.093±0.001 mg/L), aluminum in well water (5.614±0.009 mg/L) and river water (1.211±0.008 mg/L). Based on these results, consumption of these water sources would expose communities to mild or chronic health risks.
Abstract: The present research work was carried out in the Department of Nyan, Province of Logone Oriental. It allowed the quantification of heavy metal contents in well, borehole and river water intended for human consumption. Samples from these water sources were collected and submitted for laboratory analysis. Structural quality indicators such as pH, tem...
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Synthesis of Glues with Citric Acid and Sulfuric Acid Protonic Acid-H+ as Catalysts Using Banana Peel and Kaki as Valorised Raw Materials
Andry Tahina Rabeharitsara,
Ratsimba Marie Hanitriniaina,
Rakotomalala Alain Fabrice,
Rakotosaona Rijalalaina,
Nambinina Richard Randriana
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 1, February 2021
Pages:
21-35
Received:
14 January 2021
Accepted:
22 January 2021
Published:
28 January 2021
Abstract: Seeing that banana peel or banana skin composed 35% to 40% of banana fruit and also seeing that kaki were widely cultivated at Madagascar since the XIXth century with non-negligible quantities of valorisable waste during their collection; a study of their valorization as raw materials to synthesize glues was undertaken in this manuscript. Synthesized glues were classified into two categories: the ecological glues with citric acid protonic acid H+ catalyst and the sulfuric acid glues-Sglues with sulfuric acid protonic acid H+ catalyst. All glues were composed with two main compounds firstly the pH-raiser-support and secondly the crushed banana peel citric acid esters EAcBa. These pH-raiser-supports was composed not only with citric acid protonic acid H+ catalyst (E-pH-Natural for the ecological glues) and/or sulfuric acid protonic acid H+ catalyst (E-pHS-sulfuric acid for the Sglues) but also pure ethanol and kaki composed with alkenes organic functional group from its betacarotenes molecules; they increased the pH of the glues and catalysts were dispersed and moved on. All synthesized glues were tested such as: the ecological glues were tested to glue the school notebook paper and the Sglues were tested to glue the packing carton paper. So, to study the effects of these gluing components, the effects of the test papers dry matter, the effects of tested papers nature-components, and the effects of the test papers porosities; the total weight diminution of the glue-reagents which indicated the formation of covalent links between glues and paper responsible of its best gluing results were followed with time. In terms, the activities of each glues’ initial protonic acid H+ were calculated and confirmed their roles as very active catalysts for dehydration reactions particularly the sulfuric acid protonic acid H+ catalysts, for addition reactions principally esterification, additions with alkenes-C= and etherification for all synthesized glues especially with the stronger-smallest sulfuric acid protonic acid H+ which were responsible of their capacities to stick with very good quality.
Abstract: Seeing that banana peel or banana skin composed 35% to 40% of banana fruit and also seeing that kaki were widely cultivated at Madagascar since the XIXth century with non-negligible quantities of valorisable waste during their collection; a study of their valorization as raw materials to synthesize glues was undertaken in this manuscript. Synthesiz...
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Cadmium, Iron and Chromium Removal from Simulated Waste Water Using Algae, Water Hyacinth and Water Lettuce
Sani Nasiru Alhaji,
Sulaiman Asmau Umar,
Sokoto Abdullahi Muhammad,
Shehu Kasimu,
Salisu Aliyu
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 1, February 2021
Pages:
36-42
Received:
5 January 2021
Accepted:
13 January 2021
Published:
30 January 2021
Abstract: Phytoremediation involves the use of some aquatic plants for soil and water cleanup. It involves the use of hyperaccumulator plant species that remove metals from contaminated environment. In the present study, the effectiveness of Algae, Water hyacinth and Water lettuce for the removal of Cd, Fe, and Cr from simulated wastewater was tested. The three aquatic plants were grown in aqueous medium and supplemented with 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0mg/l of multi-component metal solution for 15 consecutive days. The experiment showed that the plants were able to accumulate the metals at all concentrations. The respective concentration (mg/kg) ranges of the metals (Cd, Fe & Cr) are: in Algae; 37.38-268.74, 3.10-80.80, 66.78-671.20; water hycinth: 16.59-277.20, 0.56-235.32, 3.12-1661.94; water lettuce: 38.58-208, 0.35-538, 6.05-283.84. The accumulation of metals increased significantly, with increase in the initial concentration of the solution. At all levels, the plants accumulated the metals more in the root than in the shoot, except for Fe in water hyacinth which shows effective translocation from root to shoot. The result also showed that water hyacinth was able to concentrate Cd and Cr better than Fe, while water lettuce concentrated Fe better. All the plants can be used in remediating wastewater, with water hyacinth revealing the best potentiality.
Abstract: Phytoremediation involves the use of some aquatic plants for soil and water cleanup. It involves the use of hyperaccumulator plant species that remove metals from contaminated environment. In the present study, the effectiveness of Algae, Water hyacinth and Water lettuce for the removal of Cd, Fe, and Cr from simulated wastewater was tested. The th...
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