The present research work was carried out in the Department of Nyan, Province of Logone Oriental. It allowed the quantification of heavy metal contents in well, borehole and river water intended for human consumption. Samples from these water sources were collected and submitted for laboratory analysis. Structural quality indicators such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and sulphate ions were measured first. The sample was acidified and the measurement is then performed on the metals, i.e. barium, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, copper, chromium, aluminium, lead, strontium, tin, zirconium and titanium. The results of the quality indicators showed that well and borehole waters have an acidic pH; their average measured values are 5.34±0.24 and 5.48±0.15 respectively. Well water and that of rivers have high turbidity values averaging 43.40±1.21 NTU and 47.56±1.5 NTU respectively. With respect to metals, some have values above the WHO drinking water standards. These include iron, which has high values in well water (7.890±0.016 mg/L) and river water (0.866±0.003 mg/L), manganese in well water (0.093±0.001 mg/L), aluminum in well water (5.614±0.009 mg/L) and river water (1.211±0.008 mg/L). Based on these results, consumption of these water sources would expose communities to mild or chronic health risks.
| Published in | American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 9, Issue 1) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ajac.20210901.13 |
| Page(s) | 13-20 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Drinking Water, Heavy Metals, Nyan Department, Logone Oriental, Chad
| [1] | Adriano D. C. (2001) Trace elements in terrestrial environments: Biochemistry, bioavailability and risks of metals. Springer-Verlag, New York. |
| [2] | Baize D., Sterckeman T. (2001) of the necessity of knowledge of the natural pedo-geochemical background content in the evaluation of the contamination of soils by trace elements. Science of the Total Environment, 264: 127-139. |
| [3] | Miquel G. (2001) The effects of heavy metals on the environment and health. Parliament office of evaluation of scientific and technological choices. Report. 365 p. |
| [4] | Matias M. S. A. (2008) Heavy Metal Contamination of Surface Water and Sediments in the Val de Milluni (Bolivian Andes) by Mining Waste Geochemical, Mineralogical and Hydrochemical Approaches. Ph. D. Thesis Ph. D. Sciences of the Universe. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 491 p. |
| [5] | Aoun M. (2009) Action of cadmium on Indian mustard plants [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern] born from thin cell layers from seedlings. Physiological analyses and role of polyamines. PhD thesis from the University of Western Brittany. 137. |
| [6] | Jie W., Liang S., Lulu Z., Haowen Z., Shengxiao W., Jianwen Z., Zhenguo S., Chunlan L., Yahua C. (2020). Analysis of the long-term effectiveness of biochar immobilization remediation on heavy metal contaminated soil and the potential environmental factors weakening the remediation effect: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 207 (2021) 111261. |
| [7] | Kyung-Min Lim (2010) Faculty of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Korea: Low-Level Mercury Can Enhance Procoagulant Activity of Erythrocytes: A New Contributing Factor for Mercury-Related Thrombotic Disease, Environmental Health Perspectives, July 2010. |
| [8] | Council of Europe (2011) Health Risks of Heavy Metals. Report of the Social, Health and Family Affairs Committee. 13 p. |
| [9] | CIRAD (2005) Plan of regional development in the oil area (Chad), final report, Ndjamena, CTNSC, 117 p. |
| [10] | Maoudombaye T., Ndoutamia G., Ngakou A. (2016) Evaluation of the bacteriological quality of well, borehole and river water consumed in the Doba oil basin in Chad. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 7 (6): 12236-12243. |
| [11] | Djéralar M. (2010) Living with oil. Study on the living conditions of villages in the Doba oil zone in Chad. Report. 90 p. |
| [12] | WHO (1971) European standards for drinking water, 2nd edition, Geneva, 62 p. |
| [13] | Ngaram N., Yohann C, Alain M, Tchadanaye N. M., Pierre L. (2017) Heavy metal pollution of Chari river water during the crossing of N’Djamena (Chad). Toxics 2017, 5, 26; doi: 10.3390/toxics5040026. |
| [14] | Lallemand-Barres A. (1993) Practical guide for the sampling of sub-ground water. BRGM Report R 37390.95 p. |
| [15] | Vaute L. (1998) Groundwater monitoring in the Lorraine femfere basin in 1998. BRGM Report R 40789. 69 p. |
| [16] | Nathalie M. (1999) Physico-chemical and biological characterization of Nouvelle-Calédonie water-stream. Proposal of a biotic index on the study of the benthic macro invertebrates. Doctoral thesis, French University of the Pacific, 200 p. |
| [17] | Maoudombaye T., Ndoutamia G., Seid Ali M., Ngakou A. (2015) Comparative study of the physico-chemical quality of well, borehole and river water consumed in the Doba oil basin in Chad. Larhyss Journal, 24: 193-208. |
| [18] | Boubakar H. A. (2010) Superficial and profound aquifers and urban pollution in Africa: The Case of urban community of Niamey (Niger), Thesis from Abdou Moumouni of Niamey (Niamey), 198 p. |
| [19] | Traina S. J., Laperche V. (1999) Contaminant bioavailability in soils, sediments, and aquatic environments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 96 (7): 3365-3371. |
| [20] | Langmuir D., Chrostowski P., Vigneault B., Chaney R. (2005) Issue paper on the environmental chemistry of metals. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Risk Assessment Forum. Washington, DC 20460 Contract #68-C-02-060. |
| [21] | Ngaram N. (2011) Contribution to the analytical study of heavy metal type pollutants in the waters of the Chari River during its crossing of the city of N'djamena. Ph. D. thesis Ph. D. Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, 164 p. |
| [22] | Mohammed El k., Boubekeur H. (2008) Study of physico- chemical and bacteriologiccal of consumption water of Ain Yousef from the dam of Sekkak, pp. 32-36. |
| [23] | Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) (2008) Canadian Water Quality Guidelines. 1717p. |
| [24] | Derwich E., Benaabidate L., Zian A., Sadki O., Belghity D. (2010) Physico-chemical Characterization of alluvial sheet water of Haut Sebou downstream its confluence with Oued Fes. Larhyss Journal, 8: 101-112. |
| [25] | Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). (1999) Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines. Winnipeg: The Council. |
| [26] | Hazourli S., Boudiba L., Ziati M. (2007) Caractérisation de la pollution des eaux résiduaires de la zone industrielle d'El-Hadjar, Annaba. Larhyss Journal, 1112-3680, n°6: 45-55. |
| [27] | Belghiti L., Chahlaoui A., El Moustaine R., Bengoumi D. (2013) Contribution to the Study of the bacteriologic quality of water sources in Elhajeb city (Meknès Marroco). Larhyss Journal, 14: 37-47. |
| [28] | HCEFLCD (Haut-Commissariat Aux Eaux et Forêt et la Lutte Contre la Désertification) (2007) Diagnostic study of the AL Massira-Faija wetland, cercle of EL Brouj and Cercle of Settat (Morocco), 242 p. |
| [29] | Meinck F., Stooff H., Kohlschütter H. (1977) Industrial residual water, 2nd Ed. Masson, Paris, 863p. |
| [30] | HCEFLCD (Haut-Commissariat Aux Eaux et Forêt et la Lutte Contre la Désertification), 2006. Study on pisciculture in the dam of Almassira, CR dar CHAFAAI, Cercle of EL BROUGE, Province of Settat, 201p. |
| [31] | Meybeck M., Friedrich G., Thomas R., Chapman D. (1996) Rivers. Water quality assessments: a guide to the use of biota, sediments and water in environment monitoring, Chapman edition, 2nd ed. E & FN Spon, London, pp. 59-126. |
| [32] | Rodier J., Legube B., Merlet N. (2009) Water’s analysis. 9th edition. Dunod. Paris, 1526 p. |
| [33] | AWWA (American Water Works Association) (1990) Water quality and handbook of community water supplies, 4th edition. F. W. Pontius (ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. |
| [34] | Ble L. O., Soro T. D., Dje K. B., Degny G. S., Biemi J. (2015) Waters packaged in sachets: what are the risks of exposure for the populations of the district of Abidjan? Larhyss Journal, 24: 85-107. |
| [35] | Ebel H., Gunther T. (1980) Magnesium metabolism: a review. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem, 18: 257. |
| [36] | Dams R., Robbins J. A., Rahn K. A., Winchester J. W., 1971. Quantitative relationships among trace elements over industrialized northwest Indiana. In: Nuclear techniques in environmental pollution. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. p. 139. |
| [37] | Timoléon A. B. and Bouaka F. (2013) Physicochemical characterization and chlorination of well water consumed in the city of Brazzaville-Congo. J. Mater. Approximately. Sci. 4 (5): 605-612. |
| [38] | Piotr G., Grzegorz C., Aleksandra Z., Karolina W., Joanna S. (2020) Long-term effect of heavy metals Cr(III), Zn(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) on the anammox process performance. Piotr Gutwiński, Journal of Water Process Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101668. |
| [39] | Aurélie D. (2004) Caractérisation des risques induits par les activités agricoles sur les écosystèmes aquatiques. PhD thesis. Ecole nationale du génie rural, des eaux et des forêts Montpellier, 269 p. |
| [40] | Mancuso T. F. (1991) Consideration of chromium as an industrial carcinogenicity. Int. Conf. Heavy metals Environment. Toronto, ON, Canada, 27 (31): 343-356. |
| [41] | Ghachi A. (1982) The basin of Seybouse (Algeria). Hydrology and use of water resources. Doctoral thesis, University of Nancy II, France, 508 p. |
| [42] | Pichard A. (2003) Toxicological and environmental data sheet for chemical substances, copper and its derivatives. 66 p. |
| [43] | N'diaye A. D., Khadijettou M., Mohamed O. (2013) Contribution to the study of the physico-chemical quality of water on the right bank of the Senegal River. Larhyss Journal, 12: 71-83. |
| [44] | Elluin M., Host S., Krakowiak D. (2005) Evaluation and management of barium exposure. Workshop Santé Environnement - IGS - ENSP. 71 p. |
| [45] | ATSDR (2004) Toxicological profiles for Ammonia. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 269 p. |
| [46] | HWC (Health and Welfare Canada) (1982) Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality, 1978. Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa, Canada, 646 p. |
| [47] | Degbey C. (2011) Factors associated with the problem of drinking water quality and the health of populations in the commune of Abomey-calavi in Benin. Doctoral thesis in Public Health Sciences. Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB). General, 112 p. |
| [48] | WHO (2011) Guidelines for drinking water quality. 4th edition. Geneva, Switzerland. pp. 307-447. |
| [49] | Anonymous (2007) Britannica Encyclopedia. Sociedad Comercial Editorial santiago Ltda, Lima, 2800 p. |
| [50] | HWC (Health and Welfare Canada) (1989) Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality, Supporting Documents, Prepared by the Federal-Provincial Subcommittee on Drinking Water, Ottawa, Canada, 114 p. |
| [51] | Nriagu J. O. (1978) The biogeochemistry of lead in the environment. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1011 pp. |
| [52] | Williams R. M., Skipworth G. B., 1959. "Zirconium granulomas of the glabrous skin following treatment of rhus dermatitis." Archives of Dermatology. 80: 273-276. |
| [53] | Hem J. D. (1971) Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water. 2nd ed Geological Survey Warer-Supply Paper 1473, United States Govemment Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 363 p. |
| [54] | AFSSA (Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments) (2009) Nanotechnologies and nanoparticles in food and feed. RCCP-Ra-NanoFood. |
| [55] | Wehmiller J. (1972) The Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, vol. IVA, edited by R. W. Fairbridge, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1321 p. |
| [56] | Yu B., Leung K. M., Guo Q., Lau W. M., Yang J. (2011) Synthesis of Ag-TiO2 composite nano thin film for antimicrobial application. Nanotechnology 22, 115603. |
| [57] | STEM Group. (2011) Antimony tin alloy. Safety data sheet. Consultants / Xstrata Zinc Canada. 5 p. |
APA Style
Ngaram Nambatingar, Maoudombaye Theophile, Tarkodjiel Mianpeureum. (2021). Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Resources in the Department of Nyan, Province of Logone Oriental in Chad. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 9(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210901.13
ACS Style
Ngaram Nambatingar; Maoudombaye Theophile; Tarkodjiel Mianpeureum. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Resources in the Department of Nyan, Province of Logone Oriental in Chad. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2021, 9(1), 13-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20210901.13
AMA Style
Ngaram Nambatingar, Maoudombaye Theophile, Tarkodjiel Mianpeureum. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Resources in the Department of Nyan, Province of Logone Oriental in Chad. Am J Appl Chem. 2021;9(1):13-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20210901.13
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20210901.13,
author = {Ngaram Nambatingar and Maoudombaye Theophile and Tarkodjiel Mianpeureum},
title = {Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Resources in the Department of Nyan, Province of Logone Oriental in Chad},
journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {13-20},
doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20210901.13},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210901.13},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20210901.13},
abstract = {The present research work was carried out in the Department of Nyan, Province of Logone Oriental. It allowed the quantification of heavy metal contents in well, borehole and river water intended for human consumption. Samples from these water sources were collected and submitted for laboratory analysis. Structural quality indicators such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and sulphate ions were measured first. The sample was acidified and the measurement is then performed on the metals, i.e. barium, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, copper, chromium, aluminium, lead, strontium, tin, zirconium and titanium. The results of the quality indicators showed that well and borehole waters have an acidic pH; their average measured values are 5.34±0.24 and 5.48±0.15 respectively. Well water and that of rivers have high turbidity values averaging 43.40±1.21 NTU and 47.56±1.5 NTU respectively. With respect to metals, some have values above the WHO drinking water standards. These include iron, which has high values in well water (7.890±0.016 mg/L) and river water (0.866±0.003 mg/L), manganese in well water (0.093±0.001 mg/L), aluminum in well water (5.614±0.009 mg/L) and river water (1.211±0.008 mg/L). Based on these results, consumption of these water sources would expose communities to mild or chronic health risks.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Resources in the Department of Nyan, Province of Logone Oriental in Chad AU - Ngaram Nambatingar AU - Maoudombaye Theophile AU - Tarkodjiel Mianpeureum Y1 - 2021/01/22 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210901.13 DO - 10.11648/j.ajac.20210901.13 T2 - American Journal of Applied Chemistry JF - American Journal of Applied Chemistry JO - American Journal of Applied Chemistry SP - 13 EP - 20 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-8745 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210901.13 AB - The present research work was carried out in the Department of Nyan, Province of Logone Oriental. It allowed the quantification of heavy metal contents in well, borehole and river water intended for human consumption. Samples from these water sources were collected and submitted for laboratory analysis. Structural quality indicators such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and sulphate ions were measured first. The sample was acidified and the measurement is then performed on the metals, i.e. barium, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, copper, chromium, aluminium, lead, strontium, tin, zirconium and titanium. The results of the quality indicators showed that well and borehole waters have an acidic pH; their average measured values are 5.34±0.24 and 5.48±0.15 respectively. Well water and that of rivers have high turbidity values averaging 43.40±1.21 NTU and 47.56±1.5 NTU respectively. With respect to metals, some have values above the WHO drinking water standards. These include iron, which has high values in well water (7.890±0.016 mg/L) and river water (0.866±0.003 mg/L), manganese in well water (0.093±0.001 mg/L), aluminum in well water (5.614±0.009 mg/L) and river water (1.211±0.008 mg/L). Based on these results, consumption of these water sources would expose communities to mild or chronic health risks. VL - 9 IS - 1 ER -
Information
Email: