Research Article
Management of Hyperthyroidism in Senegal with Radioactive Iodine (Radioiodine Therapy): A Study of 142 Cases
Thiaw Gora*
,
Ki Thierry Romuald,
Boye Adji Thioro,
Djigo Mamoudou Salif,
Gueye Kalidou,
Diop Ousseynou,
Bathily El Hadji Amadou Lamine,
Ndong Boucar
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, December 2026
Pages:
24-33
Received:
21 September 2026
Accepted:
4 October 2026
Published:
23 October 2026
Abstract: Introduction: Hyperthyroidism encompasses all the clinical and biological manifestation associated with overactivity of the thyroid gland. In Senegal, epidemiological data enabling an estimate of the overall prevalence of hyperthyroidism remain limited. However, studies conducted in our own centers point to a high prevalence of hyperthyroidism relative to other thyroid disorders, with a clear female predominance. In our country, it is generally offered as a second-line treatment, following the use of ATDs. Our main objective was to assess the place of this treatment in managing hyperthyroidism in adults in our setting. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective, descriptive study from January 2016 to December 2022, involving 142 patients with hyperthyroidism treated with radioiodine therapy at the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Idrissa POUYE General Hospital, Dakar. Radioiodine therapy was administered according to established indications and after exclusion of contraindications and obtaining informed consent. Treatment was performed on an outpatient basis, with radiation protection instructions provided to all patients. An ablative dose was preferred to optimise therapeutic efficacy. Clinical and laboratory assessment was performed at 6 and 12 months. Results: The mean age was 42.7 years ± 13.05 years, with ages ranging from 16 to 72 years. There was a clear predominance of female, corresponding to a sex ratio of 0.23. The 31- 45 age group was the most represented, accounting for 43.5% of patients. Graves' disease was the most common etiology, found in 128 patients. Seven patients had TMG ; 2 had TA ; one had a pre-toxic left lobar nodule ; and 4 had hyperthyroidism of undetermined etiology. Radioiodine therapy was prescribed as second-line treatment in 98% of cases. The mean interval between discontinuation of ATDs and radioiodine administration was 12.5 days, ranging from 2 to 90 days. The average activity of iodine-131 administered using an empirical approach was 16.53 mCi. At 6 months, 23.07% of patients were euthyroid, 50.77% were hypothyroid, 13.84% remained hyperthyroid, and 12.30% showed clinico-biological discordance. Therapeutic efficacy at 6 months was 73.84%. Following a second dose in 9 patients and continued monitoring of the remainder, the overall success rate reached 85.38% at 12 months. Conclusion: Radioiodine therapy is an effective and well-tolerated treatment option for the management of hyperthyroidism. In our series, its efficacy was 85.38% at 12 months. These results confirm its value in the Senegalese context, particularly in Graves’ disease, and support the wider adoption of this treatment.
Abstract: Introduction: Hyperthyroidism encompasses all the clinical and biological manifestation associated with overactivity of the thyroid gland. In Senegal, epidemiological data enabling an estimate of the overall prevalence of hyperthyroidism remain limited. However, studies conducted in our own centers point to a high prevalence of hyperthyroidism rela...
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Research Article
An Information-Theoretic Evolutionary Analysis of Minimally Monophyletic Groups
Richard Henry Zander*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, December 2026
Pages:
34-46
Received:
24 September 2026
Accepted:
5 October 2026
Published:
26 October 2026
Abstract: Structural monophyly is a method of modeling macroevolution in terms of minimally monophyletic groups. It renders taxonomy amenable to the mathematical modeling of biophysics by standardizing the genus as one ancestral species and about four immediate descendant species, each genus monothetic in sharing the isomorphy of the ancestral species newest traits, and by unitizing taxonomic variables an analogue of mass, velocity and time. The biophysics of macroevolution is presented as a new field. In the present paper, taxonomy is demonstrated as foundational in providing organized data for analysis of the processes underlying the origin, persistence and resilience of lineages of living organisms. The processes governed and operating in minimally monophyletic groups are summarized and evaluated mathematically at the taxon level, involving features such as the Pareto ratio and a fractal dimension of 1.161. Individuation is equated with both taxonomic identification and evolutionary survival against environmental resistance. As powering a statistically well supported path through geologic time and environmental space, individuation is found to be directional. As embodied in taxa, using one informational bit per newly fixed trait, it can be analyzed with Shannon-Turing sequential Bayes using odds tables and standard deviations on 1-tailed distributions. One species with 4 new traits is correctly identifiable 42 times out of 43, which may be extended to species survival on environmental testing. That a genus is correctly identifiable about 1.7 million times for each failure implies a functional reason for lineage survival for 100 million years. Origination and extinction are modeled for a minimally monophyletic group with initial burst of speciation and gradual extinction based on observed taxonomic analyses. Kullbuck-Leibler divergence analysis generalizes the individuation analysis. Species are shallow entropy wells while genera are deep ones. Hamming sphere-packing showed that error correction and avoidance are robust in the studied groups of bryophytes through ancestral trait redundancy. An endless belt model allows older characters to change state upon exposure to environmental changes, preserving the old state as survival potential within the genetic constraints of a taxonomic description. This study suggests that there are shared, perhaps universal, complex and potentially mathematically modeled processes underlying biological diversity at the supraspecific level as lineages change through time. If universal, then ecosystems are complexly mutualistic in survival.
Abstract: Structural monophyly is a method of modeling macroevolution in terms of minimally monophyletic groups. It renders taxonomy amenable to the mathematical modeling of biophysics by standardizing the genus as one ancestral species and about four immediate descendant species, each genus monothetic in sharing the isomorphy of the ancestral species newest...
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