Research Article
Advancements in Thermodynamic Modeling: Bridging Classical Theory and Computational Techniques
Diriba Gonfa Tolasa*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 1, June 2025
Pages:
1-9
Received:
30 December 2024
Accepted:
13 January 2025
Published:
21 March 2025
Abstract: Thermodynamics, a cornerstone of physics, focuses on the interplay between heat, work, temperature, and the statistical behavior of system s. In recent decades, the field has witnessed significant advancements in modeling techniques, integrating classical theories with modern computational methods. This paper reviews the evolution of thermodynamic modeling, highlighting both the limitations of traditional approaches and the emergence of innovative computational strategies such as molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo simulations, and machine learning. Classical thermodynamics, grounded in macroscopic observations, has established fundamental principles that govern energy and matter. However, traditional models often fall short in accurately predicting the behavior of complex systems, especially at the molecular or atomic level. Computational techniques have surfaced as powerful tools, enabling researchers to simulate intricate systems that were previously intractable, thereby enhancing our understanding of thermodynamic phenomena. The integration of classical and computational approaches has led to the development of hybrid models that leverage the strengths of both domains. These hybrid frameworks facilitate the exploration of complex phenomena, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of thermodynamic systems and their applications in materials science, energy systems, and biological processes. Furthermore, the advent of machine learning technologies has provided new avenues for optimization and predictive modeling, significantly improving the performance of energy conversion systems. Despite these advancements, challenges remain. Issues such as data quality, system complexity, and interpret ability of machine learning models necessitate ongoing research. This paper employs a comprehensive literature review methodology to synthesize findings from various sources, identifying key themes and trends in thermodynamic modeling. It emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches that combine thermodynamics with fields like materials science and engineering. Ultimately, this study underscores the significance of bridging classical thermodynamic principles with computational techniques. It posits that continued research in this area will not only deepen our understanding of thermodynamic systems but also pave the way for innovations that address pressing global challenges, including energy efficiency and sustainability. Through this integration, the potential for breakthroughs in understanding the fundamental principles governing energy and matter is immense, setting the stage for future advancements in the field.
Abstract: Thermodynamics, a cornerstone of physics, focuses on the interplay between heat, work, temperature, and the statistical behavior of system s. In recent decades, the field has witnessed significant advancements in modeling techniques, integrating classical theories with modern computational methods. This paper reviews the evolution of thermodynamic ...
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Research Article
Designing of External Body Frame (Trunk Area) Part for Pediatric Phantom from Law Cost Soft Tissue Equivalent Materials
Esra Jafar Elameen*,
Mona Ahmed Mohamed,
Suhaib Alameen,
Yousif Hassan Alsheikh
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 1, June 2025
Pages:
10-18
Received:
6 July 2025
Accepted:
19 July 2025
Published:
12 August 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ejb.20251301.12
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Abstract: Radiation is valuable for diagnosis and treatment, but excessive exposure can harm human health. To ensure safety, measuring radiation absorbed by human tissue during imaging is critical. Scientists use phantoms models simulating human bodies or organs, for this purpose. Designing X-ray phantoms requires careful material selection. Most commercial phantoms mimic neonates or adults, leaving a gap for pediatric models (ages 1-15 years). This study aimed to fabricate a low-cost pediatric phantom. The methodology involved creating a lung phantom using dark cork tiles (30.4 × 30.4 × 1.0 cm), cut into coronal plates and stacked to mimic lung anatomy (density: 0.33 g/cm³). The body frame, based on a 3-year-old’s dimensions, was constructed using a wood-and-iron skeletal structure shaped with sea mud. After drying, aluminum barriers and gypsum molds were made for the front and back body parts. The cork lungs and skeletal were placed inside the mold, and a soft tissue-equivalent mixture (STEM) (2.8% calcium carbonate, urethane PMC 121/30 Dry) was poured into the cavity. Once dried, the molds were removed, yielding a complete phantom for testing. Density and Hounsfield Units (HU) were evaluated to simulate human tissue properties. Soft tissue-equivalent material’s (STEM) average density was 1.032±0.007 g/cm³, aligning with the reference range (1.04 g/cm³). Lung density measured 0.441 g/cm³, close to the expected 0.33 g/cm³. HU values for soft tissue ranged from -17 to 44, encompassing muscle (10-40) and adipose tissue (-50 to -100). Lung HU values (-600 to -1014) fell within the standard range (-500 to -1000), validating the material’s efficacy. A full X-ray image of the trunk confirmed the phantom’s structural accuracy and absorption efficiency. Traditional phantoms, often based on Computer tomography (CT) slices, struggle to depict skeletal complexities like vertebrae. In contrast, this model clearly visualizes spinal vertebrae and skeletal details, aiding precise dosage calculations. The study demonstrates the successful fabrication of a pediatric phantom using cost-effective materials, with density and HU values closely matching human tissue. This advancement addresses the critical need for pediatric phantoms in radiation research and clinical applications.
Abstract: Radiation is valuable for diagnosis and treatment, but excessive exposure can harm human health. To ensure safety, measuring radiation absorbed by human tissue during imaging is critical. Scientists use phantoms models simulating human bodies or organs, for this purpose. Designing X-ray phantoms requires careful material selection. Most commercial ...
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