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Progress of Research on Spatzle and Toll Signaling Pathway in Insects

Received: 3 December 2015     Published: 3 December 2015
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Abstract

Insects are the most diverse group of animals on Earth. Contrary to the vertebrates, insects have no acquired immunity, and to resist the invasion of external microbes, they can only rely on their own innate immunity. Innate immunity is the first line of defense in organisms. When microbia invade, a group of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRR) can recognize and bind to conserved pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) , and then the host activates multiple signaling pathways to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Toll signaling pathway is the most actively studied signaling pathway. Toll and its ligand Spatzle play an important role in Toll pathway of the immune response. The structure and function of spatzle in Drosophila, Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori and other insects have been reviewed in this article. The results suggested that spatzle from different insects have conserved structure and similar activation mechanism and plays an important role in the initiation of Toll signaling pathway. This provides a theoretical basis for research on spatzle and Toll signaling pathway in other insects.

Published in American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering (Volume 3, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.bio.20150305.28
Page(s) 134-141
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Insects, Innate Immunity, Humoral Immunity, Spatzle, Toll Pathway

References
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    Ji Liu, Jinmei Wu. (2015). Progress of Research on Spatzle and Toll Signaling Pathway in Insects. American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 3(5), 134-141. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20150305.28

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    Ji Liu; Jinmei Wu. Progress of Research on Spatzle and Toll Signaling Pathway in Insects. Am. J. BioSci. Bioeng. 2015, 3(5), 134-141. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20150305.28

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    AMA Style

    Ji Liu, Jinmei Wu. Progress of Research on Spatzle and Toll Signaling Pathway in Insects. Am J BioSci Bioeng. 2015;3(5):134-141. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20150305.28

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  • @article{10.11648/j.bio.20150305.28,
      author = {Ji Liu and Jinmei Wu},
      title = {Progress of Research on Spatzle and Toll Signaling Pathway in Insects},
      journal = {American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering},
      volume = {3},
      number = {5},
      pages = {134-141},
      doi = {10.11648/j.bio.20150305.28},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20150305.28},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.bio.20150305.28},
      abstract = {Insects are the most diverse group of animals on Earth. Contrary to the vertebrates, insects have no acquired immunity, and to resist the invasion of external microbes, they can only rely on their own innate immunity. Innate immunity is the first line of defense in organisms. When microbia invade, a group of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRR) can recognize and bind to conserved pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) , and then the host activates multiple signaling pathways to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Toll signaling pathway is the most actively studied signaling pathway. Toll and its ligand Spatzle play an important role in Toll pathway of the immune response. The structure and function of spatzle in Drosophila, Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori and other insects have been reviewed in this article. The results suggested that spatzle from different insects have conserved structure and similar activation mechanism and plays an important role in the initiation of Toll signaling pathway. This provides a theoretical basis for research on spatzle and Toll signaling pathway in other insects.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Progress of Research on Spatzle and Toll Signaling Pathway in Insects
    AU  - Ji Liu
    AU  - Jinmei Wu
    Y1  - 2015/12/03
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    DO  - 10.11648/j.bio.20150305.28
    T2  - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
    JF  - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
    JO  - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
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    PB  - Science Publishing Group
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    AB  - Insects are the most diverse group of animals on Earth. Contrary to the vertebrates, insects have no acquired immunity, and to resist the invasion of external microbes, they can only rely on their own innate immunity. Innate immunity is the first line of defense in organisms. When microbia invade, a group of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRR) can recognize and bind to conserved pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) , and then the host activates multiple signaling pathways to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Toll signaling pathway is the most actively studied signaling pathway. Toll and its ligand Spatzle play an important role in Toll pathway of the immune response. The structure and function of spatzle in Drosophila, Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori and other insects have been reviewed in this article. The results suggested that spatzle from different insects have conserved structure and similar activation mechanism and plays an important role in the initiation of Toll signaling pathway. This provides a theoretical basis for research on spatzle and Toll signaling pathway in other insects.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 5
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Author Information
  • College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Universitiy of Scence and Technology, Zhenjiang, China

  • College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Universitiy of Scence and Technology, Zhenjiang, China

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