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Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Sustainable Cereal Production in an Era of Climate Change in the Tribal Dominated Regions of Koraput District of Odisha Through Indigenous Sustainable Farming Practices

Samir Mohanty,  Nirmal Chandra Biswal,  Kartik Charan Lenka*
Published in American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology (Volume 11, Issue 4)
Received: 31 December 2025     Accepted: 19 January 2026     Published: 17 October 2026
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Abstract

Agriculture and forestry are the life support system for tribal. Tribal men and women have been involved in agriculture since the inception of tribal civilization. Our study included 4 revenue blocks, namely Koraput, Jeypore, Kundra, and Boipariguda, of Koraput district of Odisha. We interviewed about 120 stakeholders from farming families using PRA tools and a pre-structured questionnaires. Rice, Finger millet, and Maize were the most commonly cultivated cereals, providing food, nutrition, and livelihood support. In this agricultural system, women farmers play a vital role in preparing organic formulations, as they are the main stakeholders in the entire agricultural operation. Basically, the traditional farming practices they followed meant low-level sustainable production for year-round consumption only. However, tribal farming communities aged 20-35 were found to adopt the introduction of high-yielding and resistant varieties, contributing to enhanced production and economic benefits. Production of local and resistant, high-yielding varieties was compared with the use of both traditional and modern sustainable practices. However, poor infrastructure, economic instability, and a lack of knowledge in commercial-scale cultivation often keep production gains below desired levels. Govt. and private sector participation can improve modern technical knowledge and combine traditional agricultural practices with improved agro-economic practices to enhance sustainable cereal production for livelihoods, socio-economic development, and self-sustainability of vulnerable, resource-poor tribal communities in an era of climate change and modern agricultural systems.

Published in American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology (Volume 11, Issue 4)

This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Translational Research, Biotechnology, and Sustainable Bio-Innovations

DOI 10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.28
Page(s) 389-398
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group
Previous article
Keywords

Women Empowerment, Sustainable Cereal Production, Tribal Dominated, Stakeholders, Koraput District

1. Introduction
Koraput is one of the tribal dominated districts in Odisha, with 50.5 percent of the population tribal as per the 2011 census. The tribal community has its own lifestyle, and its livelihood depends on agriculture, followed by labor and petty business, along with some forest collection-based livelihoods. Tribal communities have traditional wisdom and are intelligent enough to follow conventional agricultural practices to make them sustainable by balancing livelihood and environmental resources. They are optimistic about their future and therefore protect their agriculture in a sustainable manner, without becoming greedy or overexploiting natural resources. Tribal women are equally involved in agricultural activities at all stages, from plantation to harvesting, as well as post-harvest processing.
Agriculture is a stepping stone for survival but has a considerable impact on the environment. This is driven by a growing human population and demand for both the quality and quantity of food. Challenges related to deficiencies in the production, supply, and consumption of adequate food still persist, and livelihoods are affected more severely. Current estimates predict that, due to rising demand for food from a growing global population, agricultural production is expected to increase. Food becomes more affordable as household incomes rise. Changes in the production and prices of agricultural commodities will mostly affect vulnerable and low-income groups, most specifically women's communities
[3]
. The increased food production is leading to commercialization, and hence it has a greater impact on the environment. Changes in agricultural and land use patterns are leading to an increase in global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by nearly 23.1%
[8]
. In addition to this, there are much more pronounced catastrophic effects, including loss of biodiversity, water deficit, and soil degradation, affecting the environment and causing larger adverse impacts
[4]
. Faulty agricultural practices involving unsustainable use of natural resources and altered feeding habits create greater economic costs that may deepen the food crisis
[11]
. The Green Revolution-based agricultural trend, with rampant use of fertilizers and pesticides, produces excessive runoff that harms human health. Poor communities, involving mostly women, children, and the elderly, are mostly vulnerable to food-related poverty with intense food insecurity and malnutrition, which is further worsened by the climate crisis
[8]
. Three major challenges are putting immense pressure on human civilization: supporting provision for food and nutrition security, sustaining livelihoods, sustainable utilization of natural resources, and resilience against climate change. Implementing innovative agricultural technologies and sustainable production that reduces land use can mitigate these challenges and even help prevent global warming by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which may reduce the climate crisis
[10]
. But, it is important to protect vulnerable groups
[13]. 
Innovative technology in the farming practices is meant for sustainable production by reducing the impact of climate change
[12]
.
Agricultural enterprise can scale to amazing success only by introducing the gender equality in agriculture. This is because women farmers usually have less access to land, resources, information, and credit facilities
[8]
. Currently, women are gaining priority in the agriculture sector through training, involvement in innovative technology, and extension work to narrow the gap and move towards gender equality
[9]
. This will strategically enhance the opportunity for women in related activities and can boost their performance and productivity too.
[1]
More women involvement can make intensification of agriculture with the use of more chemical fertilizers and pesticides and hence more productive gain target will work as stressors to break sustainable framework in agri-culture. It is very important to think about gender equality by providing opportunities to women stakeholders in a sustainable way through the introduction of innovative, sustainable modern technologies
[14].
Tribal communities are generally familiar with conventional agriculture through their indigenous technical knowledge of existing crop varieties. These indigenous systems were not changed due to sustainable nature of their agriculture in traditional set up in tribal dominated regions of Koraput. The major crops cultivated include Paddy, ragi, and Maize. Tribal women were mostly engaged in family work along with the males. Due to population growth and increased demand for improved financial infrastructure, they are opting for the introduction of improved and resistant varieties and are involved in cultivation, harvesting, food preparation, and feeding, and are key players in the supply chain. Sustainable cereal cultivation contributes to employment generation and food, nutritional, and livelihood security not only for tribal women but also for their families and the area's vulnerable communities. This seems to be a bonus to the production due to Indigenous technical knowledge involving use of traditional practices such as use of organic manures, biopesticides, crop rotation as a method of traditional methods of sustainable production.
2. Materials and Methods
This study presented a literature review, followed by data collected from various stakeholders through a set of questionnaires and data compilation.
2.1. Research Sites
Our study included 16 tribal-dominated revenue villages in 8 GPs and 4 blocks, namely Koraput, Jeypore, Kundra, and Boipariguda, in Koraput district, Odisha. Two sampling sites (fields) of tribal villages were taken in each GP of the respective blocks. The study was conducted from June 2022 to May 2023. In total, eight sampling field areas were taken for the study of cultivation of three major cereals: Paddy (Oryza sativa), Maize (Zea mays), and Finger millet (Eleusine coracana). Four different blocks of Koraput district, namely Koraput, Jeypore, Kundra, and Baipariguda, were taken for the research study. Two GPs in each block and two villages in each GP were taken for field investigation with respect to different cereal crops. In total, eight GPs and sixteen villages were included for field research with respect to different cereal crops. Umari and Mastiput GPs of Koraput block, Dangorchucha and Patraput GPs of Jeypore block, Kundra and Lima GPs of Kundra block, and Badaput and Mahuli GPs of Boipariguda block were included. Crop field sites in sixteen blocks taken for the research study are Machhara, Khiloput, Bagaraguda, Dongri Maliguda, Bisoiput, Bodapar, Kanjai, Maliguda, Chendia Jhilligam, Kaudiaguda, Kusumguda, Pradhaniguda, Kasiguda, Bhejaguda, Baliguda and Rauliguda.
2.2. Methods of Data Collection
Data were collected from 120 members of four blocks who are directly involved in cereal cultivation. They were interviewed using a pre-structured questionnaires with PRA tools. This was responsible for generating comprehensive data in the present study.
2.3. Interventions Studied in Cereal Cultivation
The tribal community adopts two types of interventions for cultivation of cereal crops across the Eastern Ghats high-mountain ecosystem. One is an old-age technology used to protect crops from various pests and insects. Another a bending technology based on the modern agriculture practice with indigenous flavor to used improved and resistant varieties with modern sustainable technologies (Table 1).
2.4. Statistical Analysis
The agricultural system was analyzed with reference to investment, production, gross value, and net profit for three different crops. Three major cereals, paddy, finger millet, and maize, were analyzed by two-way ANOVA using SPSS. The insect pests attack response for crop loss and the insect pests found in this region were also documented.
3. Results
Tribal communities almost fully depend on agriculture for their food and nutrition security, socio-economic stability, and livelihood. Three major cereals, paddy, finger millet, and maize, are cultivated in the tribal dominated regions of Koraput and constitute the major staples in the area. Tribal women are the major stakeholders within tribal communities. They contribute to child rearing, household work, as well as farming activities and are involved in all stages of agriculture (Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4). Due to the increase in the tribal population, demand for major staples, especially cereals, increased severalfold. In addition, irregular weather patterns and climate change sometimes reduce major cereal productivity in the area, intensifying the crisis. Tribal communities, since inception, have cultivated their locally available indigenous varieties of cereals by applying Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK). The system adopted in the traditional trend was found to be very sustainable but fails to meet the increased demand from a growing population.
Figure 1. Traditional system of finger millet cultivation.
Figure 2. Traditional farming of paddy transplanting.
Figure 3. Modern Technology for weeding.
Figure 4. Modern Technology for weeding
Three different crop varieties, rice, finger millet, and maize, showed different amounts of investment per acre of land, and it differs as investment cost includes Seed, planting material, labor charges, manure and fertilizers, irrigation, and miscellaneous expenses. These expenses differed. Investment for different crop variety and management were found to be different as it is varied between 8,500 per acre to 16,400 per acre. Production was also found to be different between different types of crops. Net profits also differed, with the lowest for Maize and the highest for finger millet (Table 1 Annexure-I). Investment parameters, average production, gross value, and profit are shown in Figures 5, 6, 7, and 8, respectively.
It is evident from the table that both crop production and management were statistically significant, and the corresponding ‘F’ values for crop and crop management were 130.862 and 191.478, with an interaction value between them of 11.394, which was statistically significant at p<0.05(Tables 2 and 3). The mean ANOVA values ranged from 10,000 to 15,323(Table 4). CD values are also significant, with a mean of 1348.077 and SE(m) of 362.709. Similarly, ANOVA for Average production of the three crops shows an ‘F’ value of 185.866 for the interaction between crop and production, which is statistically significant at the level of p<0.01(Table 5). The mean of the interaction between the two showed that the crop varied between 15.633 and 26.867, and the mean of production between 15.750 and 27.750(Table 6). C.D. and SE(m) are found to be 1.137 and 0.306, respectively (Table 7). Similarly, ANOVA for Gross value for three crops shows an F value of interaction between crop and gross value is 426.851 which is statistically significant at the level of p<0.01(Table 8). The mean interaction between the two factors showed that crop varied between 34,083.330 and 58,816.670, and gross value between 29,925.000and 56,700.000 (Table 9). C.D. and SE(m) are found to be 1,616.254and 434.864, respectively (Table 10). Similarly, ANOVA for profit across the three crops shows an ‘F’ value for the interaction between crop and profit of 643.494, which is statistically significant at the p<0.01 level (Table 11). The mean of the interaction between the two showed that crop varied between 23,091.330 and 43,393.330, and profit between 15.750 and 27.750(Table 12). C.D. and SE(m) are found to be 1,206.869 and 324.716, respectively (Table 13).
Figure 5. Investment for rice, millet and maize production
Figure 6. Modern Technology for weeding.
Figure 7. Gross value of rice, millet and maize
Figure 8. Profit under different cereal production.
5. Discussion
Three Although Kolajira varieties of rice, Bada mandia variety of finger millet and Deccan -109 variety of maize are found to be low input cultivations with investments of INR 12276, INR 8500 and INR 13200 per acre respectively and inputs are higher for some high yielding/resistant varieties like Swarnim Sub –1 variety of rice, Bhairabi variety of finger millet and Madhuri variety of maize like INR 18370, INR 11500 and INR 16400 respectively but the profit is also higher in case of the improved varieties as compared to indigenous ones.
Profit ranges out of cereal cultivation involving indigenous technology, intervention varied between INR 11690(for Deccan-109 variety of maize) to INR 24204(for Kolajiara variety of rice) to maximum up to INR 33800(Badamandia variety of finger millet) but in the same areas introduction of improved variety lead to profit ranges between INR 18,560 to INR 61,020.
In Odisha, Swarna Sub-1 variety of rice show higher yield with 4,2% higher number of panicles per square meter as compared to earlier improved variety (Swarna variety) and 15.27% super grain yield too
[15]. 
The production also offered greater profit to the tribal agropreneaurs. As compared to traditional variety of Mandia, Bhairibi mandia shows excellent yield of 15.3 quintal per hectare
[2].
Along with improved technologies farmers can use improved variety of maize such as Madhuri to enhance the production to about 83.3 q/ha
[7]
.
There is a significant difference with respect to investment and profit observed as per the ANOVA result. It is evident from ANOVA for profit across the three crops shows an ‘F’ value for the interaction between crop and profit of 643.494, which is statistically significant at the p<0.01 level. It indicates that the tribal farmer can optimize their production with reference to three studied crops with the introduction of improved and resistant variety of rice, finger millet and maize as well as improving the farm management condition with moderate use of fertilizers along with the use of indigenous technical knowledge involving the use of farm made composts as fertilizers and limited use of biopesticides.
6. Conclusions
Present study successfully demonstrated the higher-level crop production in tribal dominated areas of Koraput district with the introduction of improved/high yielding/resistant varieties of crops as compared to their traditional farming technologies with the use of traditional farming practices with the use of indigenous varieties of cereal crops which are used as the major staples in the area including varieties of rice, finger millet and the maize.
Although traditional farming practices involve low input and ecofriendly system but with rise of tribal populace in the era of development this is not sustainable for emerging economy and not suitable to safeguard the livelihood of tribal populace. Although investment amount per acre varied for three major indigenous crops of maize, rice and finger millet varied between INR 8500 to INR 13200 and for improved varieties between INR 11500 to INR 18370 per acre but the profit ranges of indigenous crops lies between INR 11690 to INR 33800 but for that of improved cultivation varied between INR 18560 to INR 61020. The study also emphasized the significance of the traditional farming practices with infusion of modern practices.
Future research should direct and focus towards trial of more improved varieties of staple cereal crops along with other food crops in the area with the use of sustainable technologies involving fusion of traditional as well as modern technologies in the local farm environment. This can not only enhance the financial infrastructure of tribal populace but also build their sustainable livelihood as well as for bright future by conservation of indigenous technical knowledge as well as modern technologies.
Table 1. Crop varieties with investments, production, and Gross revenue and profit in cereal cultivation.

Sl.No

CROP

CROP VARIETY

Crop management

Investment(INR/acre)

Average Production (quintals /acre)

Gross value(INR/acre)

Profit (INR/acre)

1

Rice

Kalajera (Local)

ITK+Low fertilizer use +No chemical pesticide

12,276

19.2

36,480

24,204

Swarna-sub 1

(HighYielding)

ITK + moderate fertilizer use + moderate pesticide use in emergency

18,370

36.3

68,970

50,600

2

Millet

Bada mandi(Local)

ITK+Low fertilizer use +No chemical pesticide

8,500

14.6

40,880

32,380

Bhairabi(High yielding)

ITK+ moderate fertilizer use + moderate pesticide use in emergency

11,500

25.9

72,520

61,020

3

Maize

Decan-109

ITK+Low fertilizer use +No chemical pesticide

13,200

13.1

24,890

11,690

Madhuri

ITK+ moderate fertilizer use + moderate pesticide use in emergency

16,400

18.4

34,960

18,560
Table 2. Analysis of Variance of crop and crop management and investment.

Source of Variation

DF

Sum of Squares

Mean Squares

F-Calculated

Significance

Replication

1

142,572.000

Factor A-crop

2

68,863,810.667

34,431,905.333

130.862

0.00005

Factor B-crop management

1

50,380,812.000

50,380,812.000

191.478

0.00004

Interaction A X B

2

5,996,024.000

2,998,012.000

11.394

0.01373

Error

5

1,315,580.000

263,116.000
Table 3. Two-Way Mean Table.

B1

B2

Mean A

A1

12,276.000

18,370.000

15,323.000

A2

8,500.000

11,500.000

10,000.000

A3

13,200.000

16,400.000

14,800.000

Mean B

11,325.330

15,423.330
Table of SEm, SEd and C.D.

Factors

C.D.

SE(d)

SE(m)

Factor(A)

953.235

362.709

256.474

Factor(B)

778.313

296.151

209.410

Factor(A X B)

1,348.077

512.948

362.709
Table 5. Analysis of Variance of Average Production.

Source of Variation

DF

Sum of Squares

Mean Squares

F-Calculated

Significance

Replication

1

4.563

Factor A

2

294.000

147.000

784.824

0.00000

Factor B

1

378.563

378.563

2,021.125

0.00000

Interaction A X B

2

69.627

34.813

185.866

0.00002

Error

5

0.937

0.187

Total

11

747.690
Table 6. Two-way mean table.

B1

B2

Mean A

A1

19.200

36.300

27.750

A2

14.600

25.900

20.250

A3

13.100

18.400

15.750

Mean B

15.633

26.867
Table of sem, sed and c.d.

Factors

C.D.

SE(d)

SE(m)

Factor(A)

0.804

0.306

0.216

Factor(B)

0.657

0.250

0.177

Factor(A X B)

1.137

0.433

0.306

Factors

C.D.

SE(d)

SE(m)
Table 8. Analysis of Variance of Gross Value.

Source of Variation

DF

Sum of Squares

Mean Squares

F-Calculated

Significance

Replication

1

3,328,533.333

Factor A

2

1,670,055,000.000

835,027,500.000

2,207.821

0.00000

Factor B

1

1,835,213,333.333

1,835,213,333.333

4,852.323

0.00000

Interaction A X B

2

322,881,266.667

161,440,633.333

426.851

0.00000

Error

5

1,891,066.667

378,213.333

Total

11

3,833,369,200.000

Total
Table 9. Two-Way Mean.

B1

B2

Mean A

A1

36,480.000

68,970.000

52,725.000

A2

40,880.000

72,520.000

56,700.000

A3

24,890.000

34,960.000

29,925.000

Mean B

34,083.330

58,816.670
Table 10. SEm, SEd and C.D.

Factors

C.D.

SE(d)

SE(m)

Factor(A)

1,142.864

434.864

307.495

Factor(B)

933.145

355.065

251.069

Factor(A X B)

1,616.254

614.991

434.864
Table 11. Analysis of Variance of Profit.

Source of Variation

DF

Sum of Squares

Mean Squares

F-Calculated

Source of Variation

Replication

1

1,575,425.333

Replication

Factor A

2

2,161,428,210.667

1,080,714,105.333

5,124.750

Factor A

Factor B

1

1,236,513,612.000

1,236,513,612.000

5,863.552

Factor B

Interaction A X B

2

271,401,704.000

135,700,852.000

643.494

Interaction A X B

Error

5

1,054,406.667

210,881.333

Error

Total

11

3,671,973,358.667

Total
Table 12. Two-Way Mean Table.

Factors

C.D.

SE(d)

SE(m)

Factor(A)

1,142.864

434.864

307.495

Factor(B)

933.145

355.065

251.069

Factor(A X B)

1,616.254

614.991

434.864
Table 13. Analysis of Variance of profit.

Factors

C.D.

SE(d)

SE(m)

Factor(A)

853.386

324.716

229.609

Factor(B)

696.786

265.130

187.475

Factor(A X B)

1,206.869

459.218

324.716
Abbreviations

HH

House Hold

GHG

Greenhouse Gases

GP

Gram Panchayat

SHG

Self-Help Group

FPO

Farmer Producer Group

ITK

Indigenous Technical Knowledge.

PRA

Participatory Rural Appraisal

ANOVA

Analysis of Variance

SPSS

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

CD

Critical Difference

WFC

Women Farming Communities
Acknowledgments
The authors are highly grateful to the District Agriculture Officer of Koraput for providing information on tribal livelihoods related to cereal cultivation. We also thanks all respondents from the tribal farming community who participated in the interview during data collection.
Author Contributions
Samir Mohanty: Investigation, Methodology, Writing-original draft.
Nirmal Chandra Biswal: Formal analysis
Kartik Charan Lenka: Conceptualization, Data curation
Funding
Herewith we declare that the authors are self-financing; no other funding source was involved in these studies. If publication fees are required, the authors will bear them.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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    Mohanty, S., Biswal, N. C., Lenka, K. C. (2026). Sustainable Cereal Production in an Era of Climate Change in the Tribal Dominated Regions of Koraput District of Odisha Through Indigenous Sustainable Farming Practices. American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, 11(4), 389-398. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.28

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    Mohanty, S.; Biswal, N. C.; Lenka, K. C. Sustainable Cereal Production in an Era of Climate Change in the Tribal Dominated Regions of Koraput District of Odisha Through Indigenous Sustainable Farming Practices. Am. J. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2026, 11(4), 389-398. doi: 10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.28

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    Mohanty S, Biswal NC, Lenka KC. Sustainable Cereal Production in an Era of Climate Change in the Tribal Dominated Regions of Koraput District of Odisha Through Indigenous Sustainable Farming Practices. Am J Sci Eng Technol. 2026;11(4):389-398. doi: 10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.28

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.28,
  author = {Samir Mohanty and Nirmal Chandra Biswal and Kartik Charan Lenka},
  title = {Sustainable Cereal Production in an Era of Climate Change in the Tribal Dominated Regions of Koraput District of Odisha Through Indigenous Sustainable Farming Practices},
  journal = {American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology},
  volume = {11},
  number = {4},
  pages = {389-398},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.28},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.28},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajset.20261104.28},
  abstract = {Agriculture and forestry are the life support system for tribal. Tribal men and women have been involved in agriculture since the inception of tribal civilization. Our study included 4 revenue blocks, namely Koraput, Jeypore, Kundra, and Boipariguda, of Koraput district of Odisha. We interviewed about 120 stakeholders from farming families using PRA tools and a pre-structured questionnaires. Rice, Finger millet, and Maize were the most commonly cultivated cereals, providing food, nutrition, and livelihood support. In this agricultural system, women farmers play a vital role in preparing organic formulations, as they are the main stakeholders in the entire agricultural operation. Basically, the traditional farming practices they followed meant low-level sustainable production for year-round consumption only. However, tribal farming communities aged 20-35 were found to adopt the introduction of high-yielding and resistant varieties, contributing to enhanced production and economic benefits. Production of local and resistant, high-yielding varieties was compared with the use of both traditional and modern sustainable practices. However, poor infrastructure, economic instability, and a lack of knowledge in commercial-scale cultivation often keep production gains below desired levels. Govt. and private sector participation can improve modern technical knowledge and combine traditional agricultural practices with improved agro-economic practices to enhance sustainable cereal production for livelihoods, socio-economic development, and self-sustainability of vulnerable, resource-poor tribal communities in an era of climate change and modern agricultural systems.},
 year = {2026}
}

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  • TY  - JOUR
T1  - Sustainable Cereal Production in an Era of Climate Change in the Tribal Dominated Regions of Koraput District of Odisha Through Indigenous Sustainable Farming Practices
AU  - Samir Mohanty
AU  - Nirmal Chandra Biswal
AU  - Kartik Charan Lenka
Y1  - 2026/10/17
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.28
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.28
T2  - American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology
JF  - American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology
JO  - American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology
SP  - 389
EP  - 398
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-8353
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.28
AB  - Agriculture and forestry are the life support system for tribal. Tribal men and women have been involved in agriculture since the inception of tribal civilization. Our study included 4 revenue blocks, namely Koraput, Jeypore, Kundra, and Boipariguda, of Koraput district of Odisha. We interviewed about 120 stakeholders from farming families using PRA tools and a pre-structured questionnaires. Rice, Finger millet, and Maize were the most commonly cultivated cereals, providing food, nutrition, and livelihood support. In this agricultural system, women farmers play a vital role in preparing organic formulations, as they are the main stakeholders in the entire agricultural operation. Basically, the traditional farming practices they followed meant low-level sustainable production for year-round consumption only. However, tribal farming communities aged 20-35 were found to adopt the introduction of high-yielding and resistant varieties, contributing to enhanced production and economic benefits. Production of local and resistant, high-yielding varieties was compared with the use of both traditional and modern sustainable practices. However, poor infrastructure, economic instability, and a lack of knowledge in commercial-scale cultivation often keep production gains below desired levels. Govt. and private sector participation can improve modern technical knowledge and combine traditional agricultural practices with improved agro-economic practices to enhance sustainable cereal production for livelihoods, socio-economic development, and self-sustainability of vulnerable, resource-poor tribal communities in an era of climate change and modern agricultural systems.
VL  - 11
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

  • Samir Mohanty

    Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Gandhi Institute of Engineering and Technology University (GlET University), Gunupur, India

    Biography: Samir Mohanty working as Lecturer in Zoology in Pendrani Mahavidyalaya, Umerkote, Dist. Nabarangpur, Odisha since from the year 2005. He has completed his Master degree in Zoology from the Berhampur University in the year 2004. He is a research scholar in the field Entomology in Zoology department of GIET University, Gunpur since from 2019. He is particularly expertise in the field of Zoology.

    Research Fields: Entomology, Zoology

    Contact Email

    http://orcid.org/0009-0000-8254-2863

  • Nirmal Chandra Biswal

    Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Gandhi Institute of Engineering and Technology University (GlET University), Gunupur, India

    Biography: Nirmal Chandra Biswal currently working as Associate Professor in GIET UNIVERSITY, Gunupur in Department of Life sciences and Biotechnology. He has Completed Masters in Zoology from Berhampur University, Bhanja Vihar and completed Ph.D. in zoology from Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar and qualified TOEFL and GRE conducted by ETS, USA and was selected to pursue doctoral research in University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA. His current area of research is Fishery sciences, Environ-mental Biology, Toxicology, Conservation Biology and Biotechnology. He is a member and active participant in UN’s ONE PLANET NETWORK towards sustainable development.

    Research Fields: Environ-mental Biology, Toxicology, Conservation Biology

    Contact Email

    http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5773-4361

  • Kartik Charan Lenka

    Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan Research Foundation, Jeypore, India

    Biography: Kartik Charan Lenka Ph.D in Botany, currently working as a scientist at M S Swaminathan Research Foundation Jeypore, Odisha. Dr Lenka is having expertise on plant taxonomy, development of genetic garden, documenting ethno-medicinal plants, preparation of Peoples’ Biodiversity Register, Bio-input production etc. last 20 years. Participated 90 national and international conferred Nuffic fellowship and 21 days study on Biodiversity in Nepal. He has around 35 national and international research articles to his credit. one national fellowship from Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India (DST) fellowship. He won 5 national and international award in the field of biodiversity conservation.

    Research Fields: Biodiversity

    Contact Email

    http://orcid.org/0009-0000-2534-4422

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