Research Article
Cyber-Resilient Autonomous Spacecraft: A MultiDomain Resilience Framework for Deep Space Missions
Anahita Tasdighi*
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
40-66
Received:
11 January 2025
Accepted:
24 January 2025
Published:
17 April 2025
Abstract: This article introduces a pioneering Multi-Domain Resilience Framework (MDRF) to address the escalating cybersecurity challenges faced by autonomous spacecraft operating in the demanding and unpredictable environments of deep space. It underscores the necessity of a holistic approach that integrates cybersecurity, operational resilience, physical security, and supply chain integrity to safeguard critical missions against an array of cyber threats, including malware, data interception, and insider vulnerabilities. Leveraging insights from prominent missions like NASA's Artemis program and ESA's JUICE mission, this study highlights the limitations of traditional, isolated cybersecurity strategies and proposes a dynamic, adaptive framework focused on proactive threat detection, real-time response, and operational redundancies to ensure mission continuity. The research identifies critical vulnerabilities unique to autonomous spacecraft systems, develops a tailored threat modeling methodology, and offers practical solutions for enhancing resilience despite the constraints of space missions. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of collaboration through international partnerships, specialized training, and the establishment of new cybersecurity standards to advance the reliability and security of future deep space missions. By bridging knowledge across cybersecurity, autonomous systems, and space exploration, this article provides a foundational roadmap for building more resilient and adaptive spacecraft systems, ultimately contributing to the success and sustainability of humanity's endeavors beyond Earth.
Abstract: This article introduces a pioneering Multi-Domain Resilience Framework (MDRF) to address the escalating cybersecurity challenges faced by autonomous spacecraft operating in the demanding and unpredictable environments of deep space. It underscores the necessity of a holistic approach that integrates cybersecurity, operational resilience, physical s...
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Research Article
Comparative Assessment of Techno-Economic Performance of Battery Energy Storage for Solar Photovoltaic Systems; Sealed Lead-Acid and Nickel-Cadmium Batteries in Sierra Leone, Kenema Municipality
Ibrahim Massaquoi*
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
67-79
Received:
19 April 2025
Accepted:
3 May 2025
Published:
18 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20251002.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Introduction: This research focuses on the evaluation of battery energy storage systems, specifically examining the techno-economic performance of Sealed Lead-Acid and Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) batteries in conjunction with Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems. The research considered factors such as charging efficiency, temperature sensitivity, self-discharge rates, and cycle life, all of which impact the performance and economic viability of these battery types. Objective: The primary objective of this research was to conduct a comparative assessment of the techno-economic performance of Sealed Lead-Acid and Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) batteries for energy storage within a Solar PV system in Kenema, Sierra Leone. This involves analysing their key characteristics and evaluating their suitability for the specific environmental and operational context. Methods: The research employed a comparative analysis, considering technical specifications, operational parameters (charging/discharging efficiencies, temperature effects, self-discharge rates, cycle life), and potentially, economic factors (initial cost, lifespan, maintenance costs) of both battery types. Result: The results highlighted the performance differences between Sealed Lead-Acid and Nickel-Cadmium batteries, considering the operational factors mentioned in the background. The result will discuss that Sealed Lead-Acid batteries have a typical charging efficiency of 95% compared to the 80% efficiency of Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) batteries. The research also examined performance under various temperature conditions, as well as the self-discharge rates. The ideal temperature for lead-acid batteries was generally determined to be about 25°C. For every 8–10°C increase in temperature, the useful capacity of lead-acid batteries decreases by roughly 50%. Sealed Lead-Acid batteries have a self-discharge rate of 1-5% per month, whereas Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) batteries have a self-discharge rate of 20–30% per month. Lead and its compounds make up roughly 65-75% (by weight) of the battery, while sulfuric acid makes up 14–20%. Conclusion: The conclusion provided insights into the relative advantages and disadvantages of each battery type in the context of a Solar PV system in Sierra Leone, considering both the technical and economic aspects. It aimed to provide recommendations based on the comparative assessment, offering guidance for selecting the most appropriate battery technology for such applications.
Abstract: Introduction: This research focuses on the evaluation of battery energy storage systems, specifically examining the techno-economic performance of Sealed Lead-Acid and Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) batteries in conjunction with Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems. The research considered factors such as charging efficiency, temperature sensitivity, self-discha...
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