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Research Article
Allelopathic Effect of Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob. on Neighboring Crop P lants
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
246-251
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.11
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Abstract: The highly invasive weed Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob. is well known for its strong allelopathic and competitive effects in agricultural ecosystems. The current study investigated the negative impact on the growth of three economically important crops—rice (Oryza sativa L.), moong dal (Vigna radiata L.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)—when grown in proximity to weeds. Laboratory experiments compared crop growth with and without C. odorata. The results revealed significant suppression of crop growth due to the weed's antagonistic effects. Among the crops, moong dal was most sensitive, with a 80% decrease in growth, followed by rice, which experienced a 72% reduction. In sunflowers, reproductive development was especially affected, with an 60% decrease in head size compared to control plants. These inhibitory effects are likely caused by allelopathic compounds released by C. odorata through root exudates and decomposing residues. These chemicals may interfere with normal physiological and developmental processes in neighboring crops. Overall, the findings highlight the ecological dominance of C. odorata and its potential to reduce crop yields in agricultural systems. Understanding these crop–weed interactions is crucial for developing effective weed management strategies to minimize yield losses and promote sustainable farming practices.
Abstract: The highly invasive weed Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob. is well known for its strong allelopathic and competitive effects in agricultural ecosystems. The current study investigated the negative impact on the growth of three economically important crops—rice (Oryza sativa L.), moong dal (Vigna radiata L.), and sunflower (Helianthus an...
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Research Article
In Silico Analysis of Nucleotide Diversity of Fish Species in the Daya River
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
252-262
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.12
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Abstract: The current study was designed to assess the nucleotide diversity and genetic structure of selected fish species in the Daya River using an in-silico approach. Genetic diversity is an important measure of population stability, adaptability, and survival, especially in freshwater habitats that are now under increasing human impacts. The nucleotide sequences of the most frequently documented fish species were obtained from the GenBank database, with a primary emphasis on mitochondrial gene segments. Following quality analysis and multiple sequence alignment, major genetic diversity measures such as nucleotide diversity (π), haplotype diversity (Hd), number of segregating sites (S), and average nucleotide differences were calculated using bioinformatics software packages such as DnaSP and MEGA. Neutrality tests, such as Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs, were conducted to reconstruct the demographic history of the species. Phylogenetic trees and haplotype networks were also generated to examine the genetic relationships and differentiation of the lineages among the species. The data showed that the species had different levels of nucleotide diversity, where some species had moderate to high genetic diversity, while others had lower genetic diversity, which could be a result of habitat fragmentation and population reduction. The results emphasize the significance of molecular analysis in the identification of genetically susceptible populations and form a scientific basis for conservation and sustainable fishing resource management in the Daya River. The current research proves the efficiency of computational genetic analysis as a cost-effective alternative to Ichthyogenetics in fresh water fish genetic diversity of Daya River.
Abstract: The current study was designed to assess the nucleotide diversity and genetic structure of selected fish species in the Daya River using an in-silico approach. Genetic diversity is an important measure of population stability, adaptability, and survival, especially in freshwater habitats that are now under increasing human impacts. The nucleotide s...
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Research Article
A Comparative Physicochemical and Adsorption Properties of Rice Husk, Cotton Stem, and Coconut Shell Biochar
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
263-272
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.13
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Abstract: As the world is moving towards ecofriendly solutions in every sector, crop residue management draws attention worldwide. This study investigates the transformation and characterization of abundant crop residues found largely in Gunupur, Rayagada locality like rice husk, cotton stem, and coconut shell into biochar adsorbents through pyrolysis. Biochar is not only a source of adsorption but also found to be a rich carbon source for soil rejuvenation. Comparative analysis divulges physiochemical properties as well as adsorption capacities of these adsorbents which will result in better environmental remediation. (SEM, BET, FTIR, XRD, and CHNS Analysis). The temperature for the results was 550°C. The CHNS elemental analysis entails that the cotton stem biochar has the highest carbon content of 57.923% followed by Coconut shell and rice husk. Meanwhile cotton stems have the highest nitrogen content of 2.189%. The BET surface area analysis reveals the highest pore size 59.995 m2/g that is of rice husk. At the same temperature cotton stem biochar has pore size of 3.6156 m2/g. XRD patterns in RH-B-001 shows multiple peaks implying good crystallinity Higher pyrolysis temperatures typically increase crystallinity, showing sharper peaks for ordered carbon structures. FTIR was done to observe surface functional groups after pyrolysis. RH-B-001 has moderate aromaticity and shows defined peaks for silicates.
Abstract: As the world is moving towards ecofriendly solutions in every sector, crop residue management draws attention worldwide. This study investigates the transformation and characterization of abundant crop residues found largely in Gunupur, Rayagada locality like rice husk, cotton stem, and coconut shell into biochar adsorbents through pyrolysis. Bioch...
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Research Article
Azolla as an Extra Supplement to Maintain Milk Quantity of Dairy Cows During Winter
Arati Pradhan,
Namita Panigrahi*
,
Puspanjali Maharana,
Padma Charan Patra,
Souri Pradhan
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
273-280
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.14
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Abstract: The climate of Koraput district in Odisha supports the growth of different types of green plants, with moderate temperatures, good rainfall, and varied landforms. Azolla pinnata, a small water fern that grows well between 20°C and 30°C, is easily found in this area and can be used as a low-cost protein source for dairy animals. During the winter season (November to February), the lower temperatures usually reduce how much cows eat and graze, which can lead to a drop in milk production and financial difficulties for small farmers. This study was carried out to see how effective fresh Azolla pinnata is when used to partly replace the commercial cattle feed during winter season. A feeding trial of 90 days was carried out at Tuna Dairy Farm in Semiliguda Block, Koraput, during the winter seasons from 2023 to 2025. Twenty lactating Jersey crossbred cows were selected and divided into two groups of ten each. One group was given normal commercial feed, while the other group received 1.5 kg fresh Azolla daily in two parts along with the regular feed. Milk yield was recorded every day and compared between both groups. During the trial periods, feeding Azolla showed a good increase in milk production. By the end of the 90 days, Azolla produced cows given about 2–3 litres more milk per day as compared to the control group. The results suggest that locally grown Azolla can minimize the drop in milk yield during winter and serve as a low-cost and nutritious feed option for dairy farmers in the Koraput area.
Abstract: The climate of Koraput district in Odisha supports the growth of different types of green plants, with moderate temperatures, good rainfall, and varied landforms. Azolla pinnata, a small water fern that grows well between 20°C and 30°C, is easily found in this area and can be used as a low-cost protein source for dairy animals. During the winter se...
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Research Article
Phytochemical Profiling and Antioxidant Potential of Phyllanthus acidus and Phyllanthus maderaspatensis from South Odisha, India
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
281-287
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.15
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Abstract: The genus Phyllanthus comprises several medicinally important plant species recognized for their diverse phytochemical constituents and wide- ranging therapeutic applications. Phyllanthus acidus (star gooseberry) and Phyllanthus maderaspatensis (Madras leaf-flower) are naturally distributed in the biodiversity-rich regions of South Odisha, India, but are relatively underexplored and traditionally used by indigenous communities only. Antioxidants, especially plant-derived bioactive molecules neutralize these radicals and are considered safer alternatives to synthetic antioxidants. Scientific evidence on the phytochemical composition and radical scavenging potential of the root extracts of these two species remains limited. So, the primary objective of this study was to screen the phytochemical constituents and evaluate the in-vitro antioxidant activities of methanolic root extracts of both P. acidus and P. maderaspatensis collected from South Odisha, India. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of diverse secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, phenols, terpenoids, glycosides and steroids in both of the Phyllanthus species, with notable variation in their abundance. In-vitro antioxidant assay evaluated using the DPPH and FRAP assay indicated strong antioxidant activity for P. acidus over P. maderaspatensis.
Abstract: The genus Phyllanthus comprises several medicinally important plant species recognized for their diverse phytochemical constituents and wide- ranging therapeutic applications. Phyllanthus acidus (star gooseberry) and Phyllanthus maderaspatensis (Madras leaf-flower) are naturally distributed in the biodiversity-rich regions of South Odisha, India, b...
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Research Article
In Silico Assessment of Mitochondrial Genetic Diversity of Animal Species in Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
288-298
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.16
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Abstract: The Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary is an ecologically important area that is a part of the Eastern Ghats range. It is known for its rich biodiversity, which includes a variety of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. To preserve this biodiversity, it is essential to understand the genetic diversity of the species, as genetic diversity is an important factor in the adaptation, survival, and long-term stability of species. The current project aims to conduct an in-silico analysis of the mitochondrial genetic diversity of selected animal species that are known to exist in the sanctuary. The mitochondrial DNA markers are preferred in animal genetics because they are inherited from the mother, have a high copy number, and a relatively high mutation rete. The study involves using computer-based tools to analyse mitochondrial genes by taking advantage of the DNA sequences available freely in well-known genetics databases. It is a totally non-invasive process that does not interfere with the wild animals but enable through genetic testing. The important genetic measures of nucleotide diversity and haplotype diversity are calculated to assess the level of genetic variation present in the populations. In addition, neutrality tests are conducted to make inferences about past population dynamics, such as expansion, bottlenecks, or selection pressures. The results of the research offer important information about the population dynamics and genetic status of the species examined. This information is crucial for evidence-based conservation planning, allowing for the identification of genetically at-risk species and informing responsible wildlife management practices in Odisha.
Abstract: The Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary is an ecologically important area that is a part of the Eastern Ghats range. It is known for its rich biodiversity, which includes a variety of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. To preserve this biodiversity, it is essential to understand the genetic diversity of the species, as genetic diversity is an import...
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Research Article
Behavioral Ecology and Pollination Efficiency of the Solitary Buzz Pollinator (Amegilla Cingulata)
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
299-309
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.17
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Abstract: Pollination is a fundamental ecological process that supports plant reproduction and contributes to ecosystem stability. While social bees have been extensively studied, solitary buzz-pollinating species remain comparatively under-researched. Amegilla cingulata, commonly known as the blue-banded bee, is an effective sonicator of poricidal anthers and plays a significant role in the pollination of economically important crops. However, there is limited in-depth, field-based research examining the relationship between its behavioural ecology and quantitative pollination outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the nesting ecology, foraging behaviour and pollination efficiency of Amegilla cingulata, though in this specific case, to identify which of the factors was the most significant determinant of reproductive success as indicated by fruit mass. A field-based observational design was employed (N = 230). Ecological variables were categorized into nesting structure, foraging activity, and pollination performance indicators. Behavioural patterns were summarized using descriptive statistics. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relationships between pollen transfer variables and reproductive output. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify predictors of fruit mass. Additionally, independent samples t-tests were performed to examine differences in pollen deposition across nest orientations. Nesting architecture was structurally homogenous with the major types of nests being branched and vertical ones. Total pollen deposition and mass of the fruit were found to have good positive relations (r =.951, p <. 001). The regression analysis also supported that total pollen was the most significant parameter (= .950, p < .001), which was adopted to predict the fruit mass because it explained over 90 percent of the variability in fruit reproductive output. There were insignificant predictive effects of behavioural variables such as foraging time and frequency of visitation. The angularity of the nest did not have much effect on the deposition of pollen. The findings indicate that, within this ecological system, pollen transfer efficiency is the primary determinant of reproductive success, rather than the intensity of foraging behaviour. In particular, effective pollen deposition was the strongest predictor of fruit mass, underscoring its central role in fruit development. These results highlight the ecological importance of solitary buzz-pollinators such as Amegilla cingulata in regulating plant productivity. Overall, the study emphasizes that the quality of pollinationmeasured through efficient pollen delivery, matters more than behavioural intensity in determining reproductive outcomes.
Abstract: Pollination is a fundamental ecological process that supports plant reproduction and contributes to ecosystem stability. While social bees have been extensively studied, solitary buzz-pollinating species remain comparatively under-researched. Amegilla cingulata, commonly known as the blue-banded bee, is an effective sonicator of poricidal anthers a...
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Research Article
Sustainable Use of Waste Snail Shell Powder for Water Treatment: A Preliminary Adsorption Study
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
310-315
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.18
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Abstract: Water pollution caused due to industrial wastewater discharge has emerged as a crucial environmental concern worldwide. With heavy metals being most hazardous contaminants. Lead (Pb) particularly remains a significant environmental and public health concern. It is a serious treat due to its non-biodegradable nature, environmental persistence and significantly high tendency to bioaccumulate in living organisms. Exposure to lead, even at low concentrations, can cause severe renal, neurological, developmental, and physiological disorders. Thereby making its removal from contaminated water system is an important priority. Conventional methods for lead removal, such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, and membrane filtration, are often costly, energy-intensive, and may generate secondary pollutants. Therefore, low-cost, sustainable, and environmentally benign alternatives are highly desirable. In this present study the snail shell waste was investigated as an eco-friendly biosorbent for the removal of PB2+ ions from contaminated aqueous systems. Snail shells primarily composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) plays a crucial role in their effectiveness as a biosorbent. The CaCO3 can interact with heavy metal ions through adsorption, ion exchange, surface complexation, and precipitation. In this study, collected snail shells were washed, dried, pulverized, and used in normal as well as sintered forms to evaluate their biosorbent potential against contaminated water. The level of contamination was evaluated before and after biosorbent treatment was estimated using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer after colour development and calibration with standard solutions. The experimental groups included lead normal snail shell, sintered snail shell. The results indicated a reduction in impure concentration after treatment with snail shell biosorbent, with sintered snail shell showing comparatively higher removal efficiency than normal snail shell. The improved performance of sintered snail shell may be attributed to increased surface reactivity and enhanced availability of calcium-based active sites. Overall, the findings suggest that snail shell waste can act as an efficient, low-cost, and sustainable biosorbent for reducing lead toxicity in contaminated water systems. The utilization of snail shell waste not only supports heavy metal remediation but also contributes to waste valorisation, circular economy, and environmental sustainability.
Abstract: Water pollution caused due to industrial wastewater discharge has emerged as a crucial environmental concern worldwide. With heavy metals being most hazardous contaminants. Lead (Pb) particularly remains a significant environmental and public health concern. It is a serious treat due to its non-biodegradable nature, environmental persistence and si...
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Research Article
Relationship Between Blood Lead Level (BLL) and Haematological Parameters of People Living in and Around a Closed Lead Mine Area in Odisha, India
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
316-322
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.19
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Abstract: It has been demonstrated that lead, a persistent environmental toxin, negatively impacts the immunological and hematopoietic systems. In this study, populations residing in and around a closed lead mine area in Sargipalli, Sundargarh district, Odisha, India, are examined for the relationship between haematological parameters and blood lead levels (PbB). Blood samples from individuals of all ages and genders were collected from five communities within a five-kilometre radius of the abandoned mine site. In compliance with standard protocols, blood lead concentrations were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Haematological parameters examined were haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit (PCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), total red blood cell (RBC) count, total white blood cell (WBC) count, and differential leukocyte count. The majority of haematological variables and PbB levels were shown to be significantly correlated by statistical analysis. While haemoglobin concentration, MCH, and hemocrit dramatically dropped as blood lead concentration grew, total RBC and WBC counts, ESR, and cytotoxicity percentage all increased dose-dependently. Differential leukocyte analysis revealed neutropenia along with monocytosis, basophilia, and eosinophilia, indicating immunological dysregulation. The results show that long-term exposure to ambient lead significantly changes haematological profiles and impairs immune function in exposed populations. Therefore, in communities affected by mining, blood lead levels provide a trustworthy biomarker for evaluating lead-induced haematotoxicity and related health hazards.
Abstract: It has been demonstrated that lead, a persistent environmental toxin, negatively impacts the immunological and hematopoietic systems. In this study, populations residing in and around a closed lead mine area in Sargipalli, Sundargarh district, Odisha, India, are examined for the relationship between haematological parameters and blood lead levels (...
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Research Article
Evaluating the Efficacy of Terminalia arjuna Bark Extract Against Solanaceous Pathogens
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
323-329
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.20
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Abstract: Global food security is largely dependent on the production of Solanaceous crops, namely tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), and eggplants (Solanum melongena). However, these crops are still extremely susceptible to destructive phytopathogens. The antibacterial activity of Terminalia arjuna bark extracts was assessed in this study against a specific complex of pathogens, which included Gram-negative bacterial surrogates for Ralstonia solanacearum, Alternaria solani (early blight), and Fusarium oxysporum (vascular wilt). To separate the bioactive components, bark samples were treated to Soxhlet extraction employing a polarity gradient ranging from petroleum ether to water. Phytochemical profiling confirmed that polar acetonic and methanolic fractions were significantly enriched with triterpenoid saponins, hydrolyzable tannins, and flavonoids. In vitro evaluations using broth microdilution and agar well diffusion demonstrated a clear solvent-dependent effectiveness. Significantly, acetonic extracts showed better antifungal activity, producing zones of inhibition (ZOI) ranging from 17.5 to 20.0 mm. These results are statistically equivalent to those of traditional synthetic fungicides. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranged from 0.16 to 2.56 mg/mL, indicating a high level of effectiveness. The discovered antibacterial action is mostly ascribed to the polar secondary metabolites' synergistic inhibition of fungal ergosterol production. The plant's protective chemicals are concentrated in its polar extracts, as evidenced by the non-polar fractions' little activity. These results establish Terminalia arjuna as a potent source of environmentally benign, resistance-breaking bio-compounds that provide a long-term substitute for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in high-value Solanaceous agriculture.
Abstract: Global food security is largely dependent on the production of Solanaceous crops, namely tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), and eggplants (Solanum melongena). However, these crops are still extremely susceptible to destructive phytopathogens. The antibacterial activity of Terminalia arjuna bark extracts was assessed in t...
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Research Article
Isolation and Characterization of Phenanthrene Degrading Bacteria from Soil in the District of Angul Near JSPL Industry
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
330-338
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.21
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Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as phenanthrene are persistent environmental pollutants commonly associated with industrial activities, posing a serious risk to soil ecosystems & human health due to their toxic & carcinogenic nature. The present study focuses on the isolation and characterization of phenanthrene-degrading bacteria from soil samples collected near Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) industrial area, where chronic hydrocarbon contamination is expected. To isolate effective degrading bacteria, soil samples were enriched in BHB supplemented with phenanthrene as the only carbon and energy source. By utilizing spectrophotometric analysis, bacterial isolates exhibiting notable growth were further tested for the ability to degrade phenanthrene. The strong isolates were characterized morphologically, physiologically, and biochemically using accepted microbiological procedures. The majority of the isolates belonged to genera like Bacillus and Pseudomonas that are known to degrade hydrocarbons. Degradation efficiency was found to be affected by temperature, phenanthrene content, and pH, with neutral pH exhibiting the best degradation. The findings show that industrially contaminated soils contain native bacteria that are metabolically adaptable and can use phenanthrene as a carbon source. This study emphasises the importance of native microbial populations in natural attenuation processes and their capacity for adaptation in contaminated environments. The identified isolates exhibit encouraging potential for use in bioremediation techniques meant to restore soils affected by PAHs near industrial areas.
Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as phenanthrene are persistent environmental pollutants commonly associated with industrial activities, posing a serious risk to soil ecosystems & human health due to their toxic & carcinogenic nature. The present study focuses on the isolation and characterization of phenanthrene-degrading bacteria from...
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Research Article
Bacterial Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Freshwater Fishes in Ganjam, Odisha
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
339-346
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.22
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Abstract: Bacteria are essential components of aquatic ecosystems, performing critical ecological functions and influencing the health of their hosts. With aquaculture recognized as the fastest-growing food production sector, ensuring the bacteriological safety of freshwater fish is vital for ecological sustainability and human health. This study aimed to isolate, characterize, and identify the bacterial diversity associated with the skin, fins, gills, and gastrointestinal tracts of eight freshwater fish species, including Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and selected catfishes, collected from various water bodies of the Ganjam district, Odisha. Bacteriological profiling was conducted for isolation, morphological characterization, selective media, and biochemical identification, using standard microbiological methods. 72 bacterial isolates were recovered and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method against ten antibiotics from different classes, including carbapenems, beta-lactams and polymyxins. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that the highest bacterial load in the gut of Anabas testudineus (2.8 × 107 CFU/ml), followed by Labeo species. Gram-positive bacteria were found to be more prevalent than Gram-negative bacteria species. The identified genera included Gram positive bacteria, such as Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Micrococcus as well as Gram negative bacteria, such as Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, and Proteus, while Escherichia coli and Vibrio species were not detected. The antibiogram revealed significant resistance to ampicillin, penicillin-G, and colistin, whereas chloramphenicol remained effective against most isolates. These findings indicate the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in commercially important freshwater fishes and highlight the importance of rational use of antibiotics, improved aquaculture management, and stringent food safety measures to mitigate potential public health risks.
Abstract: Bacteria are essential components of aquatic ecosystems, performing critical ecological functions and influencing the health of their hosts. With aquaculture recognized as the fastest-growing food production sector, ensuring the bacteriological safety of freshwater fish is vital for ecological sustainability and human health. This study aimed to is...
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Research Article
Determination of Sensitive Method for Quantification of
N-Nitroso EZD3A Impurity in Enzalutamide by LC-MS/MS Method: Applications for Routine Laboratory Testing
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
347-355
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.23
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Abstract: Enzalutamide, an anti-androgen agent for prostate cancer, has recently been associated with the occurrence of nitrosamine impurities, which are potential carcinogens of regulatory concern. Among these, N-Nitroso EZD3A [4-((2-cyanopropan-2-yl) (2-nitroso) amino)-2-fluoro-N-methylbenzamide] has been detected in certain batches of Enzalutamide, highlighting the need for highly sensitive methods for monitoring its presence at trace levels. Current work reports the development and validation of a robust LC-MS/MS method employing a valve-switching approach for selective quantification of N-Nitroso EZD3A in Enzalutamide. The method minimized matrix interference by preventing co-elution of the parent drug into the mass spectrometer, thereby enhancing sensitivity and specificity. Validation of the method showed linearity between 0.5 and 9.4 ppm (r2 = 0.999), precision with an RSD of 15% or less at the specification level, and recovery between 70% and 130% across LOQ to 150% levels. There was no interference from Enzalutamide or Blank, which shows that the test is specific and reliable under different analytical conditions. The method acquired quantification limitations that were much lower than the regulatory threshold. On commercial batches of Enzalutamide, the method showed that the quantities of impurities varied, with some samples going over the acceptable limit of 6.25ppm. This shows that routine monitoring is needed. The developed LC-MS/MS method provides a reliable analytical tool for trace-level quantification of N-Nitroso EZD3A in Enzalutamide.
Abstract: Enzalutamide, an anti-androgen agent for prostate cancer, has recently been associated with the occurrence of nitrosamine impurities, which are potential carcinogens of regulatory concern. Among these, N-Nitroso EZD3A [4-((2-cyanopropan-2-yl) (2-nitroso) amino)-2-fluoro-N-methylbenzamide] has been detected in certain batches of Enzalutamide, highli...
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Research Article
Comparative Study on the Antioxidant Potency of Some Marine Micro-algal Strains
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
356-366
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.24
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Abstract: The daily uptake of food, supplemented with antioxidants shows several health benefits and are advised to take regularly in order to lead a healthy life as well as to avoid so many diseases. However, few natural antioxidants are also generated in human body, but the imbalance between natural antioxidants and free radicals create many health hazards. Hence, synthetic antioxidants can be utilized as health promoters to stop oxidative stress brought on by reactive oxygen species. But the adverse effects of synthetic antioxidants appeal for new natural source of antioxidants. In this regard, microalgae are proved to be the potential source of natural antioxidants. Therefore, an attempt has been taken to study the comparative antioxidant activity of Chlorella sp. JD-2016, Oscillatoria sp. (MK636802) and Desertifilum dzianense (MK634687) isolated from Chilika Lake. Antioxidant activity of the crude extracts from the aforementioned species were conducted by quantifying the total antioxidant activity, DPPH assay, total phenol and total flavonoid content. All the pigments except carotenoids were high in chloroform extract of Desertifilum dzianense, while carotenoid was found to be more in Oscillatoria sp. The reverse results were observed in methanol extract of the algal isolates. Total antioxidant activity was significantly high in the methanolic extract of the three algae in comparison to the chloroform extract. Maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed in both chloroform and methanol extract of Desertifilum dzianense. Phenol content was found to be more in methanol extract of Oscillatoria sp. However, methanol extract of Chlorella sp. depicts the highest amount of flavonoid content in comparison to other species.
Abstract: The daily uptake of food, supplemented with antioxidants shows several health benefits and are advised to take regularly in order to lead a healthy life as well as to avoid so many diseases. However, few natural antioxidants are also generated in human body, but the imbalance between natural antioxidants and free radicals create many health hazards...
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Research Article
A Comparative Analysis on Milk Yielding of Crossbreed Cows Between Organised and Unorganised Dairy Farm of Ganjam District
Puspanjali Maharana,
Gitanjali Mishra*
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
367-374
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.25
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Abstract: The present study was conducted in Ganjam district, Odisha, India, from April to October 2017 to evaluate the effect of OMFED concentrate feed supplementation on milk yield and composition of crossbreed cows (Bos taurus) maintained under organized and unorganized dairy production systems. Balanced nutrition plays a crucial role in enhancing dairy productivity, particularly in Crossbreed cattle with higher genetic potential for milk production. The investigation aimed to assess whether scientifically formulated concentrate feeding improves milk output and quality parameters under field conditions. Primary data were collected from 50 Crossbreed cows selected from Govindnagar, Lochapoda, Panchama, Suramani, and TATA Colony villages under the blocks of Rangeilunda, Kukudakhandi, Chatrapur, and Soroda in Ganjam district. The animals were divided into two similar groups according to body weight (300–350 kg) and age (3–6 years). 25 cows were kept in the control group and given the usual feed. The other 25 cows from Alakash Dairy Farm were placed in the treatment group and were given OMFED concentrate feed as an extra supplement. The results showed that cows in the treatment group produced more milk than those in the control group. There were also improvements in milk quality, including higher fat and SNF levels. The analysis confirmed that these increases were significant (p < 0.05). The better performance may be due to improved nutrition, more efficient use of feed and proper management, which agrees with earlier studies on concentrate feeding in dairy cows. The results show that OMFED feed can improve both milk yield and quality in crossbred cows under farm conditions. Using balanced concentrate feeding can help farmers increase income and support steady milk production in Odisha.
Abstract: The present study was conducted in Ganjam district, Odisha, India, from April to October 2017 to evaluate the effect of OMFED concentrate feed supplementation on milk yield and composition of crossbreed cows (Bos taurus) maintained under organized and unorganized dairy production systems. Balanced nutrition plays a crucial role in enhancing dairy p...
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Research Article
Translational Assessment of a Decentralized Sewage Treatment Plant for Sustainable Water Reuse and Circular Bioeconomy Applications
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
375-380
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.26
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Abstract: Rapid urbanization, industrialization and increasing freshwater deficiency require decentralized wastewater treatment solutions that establish both regulatory compliance and real-world applicability. The present study demonstrates the translational performance assessment of a decentralized sewage treatment plant (STP) specially made in 2015 at JK Township, Rayagada, India, with a capacity of 3000 m3/day with the operational load of approximately 1700 m3/day. The STP treats domestic sewage generated from residential colonies, canteens, and administrative facilities using an integrated treatment system which includes biological processes, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. Performance evaluation was performed by using analytical data, which includes physio-chemical and biological parameters such as pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and fecal coliform. The results reveal high removal efficiencies of 91.3% for BOD, 93.1% for TSS, and 97.1% for fecal coliform, with treated effluent consistently meeting Consent to Operate (CTO) discharge standards. In addition to the conventional compliance review, this research also suggests the translation routes to the treated wastewater reuse to non-drinkable uses like cooling tower make-up, landscape garden, and plantation activities, which would support a zero liquid discharge strategy. Additionally, Sludge management and internal water recirculation enhance operational sustainability. The result further confirms that decentralized STPs can serve as dependable, scalable, and circular bioeconomy-aligned solutions for sustainable wastewater management in urban and semi-urban regions.
Abstract: Rapid urbanization, industrialization and increasing freshwater deficiency require decentralized wastewater treatment solutions that establish both regulatory compliance and real-world applicability. The present study demonstrates the translational performance assessment of a decentralized sewage treatment plant (STP) specially made in 2015 at JK T...
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Research Article
Post-harvest Storage-Induced Biochemical Changes in Piper Betle Leaves Cultivated in Kakatpur, Odisha
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
381-388
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.27
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Abstract: Piper betle L. is an important ethnobotanical medicine, known for its antiseptic and antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to analyze the phytochemical composition of P. betel leaves from the Kakatapur area in Odisha and to evaluate biochemical changes during storage. Fresh leaves were found to be nutritionally rich, containing proteins (3–3.5%), carbohydrates (0.5–6.1%), crude fiber (2.3%), minerals (2.3–3.3%), and fats (0.4–1.0%). The leaves also contained nicotinic acid, vitamins A and C, thiamine, riboflavin, and enzymes such as diastase and catalase—biochemical analysis of ten different P. Betel varieties showed a decrease in ascorbic acid, nitrogen, and protein levels during storage, while vitamin A and phosphorus levels increased slightly. During storage, leaf aging was characterized by progressive chlorophyll breakdown, leading to white-to-yellow discoloration. Storage in polythene containers with proper drainage and wrapping in banana leaves effectively preserved freshness for up to 21 days. Bleaching began at the base and moved toward the tip after 15 days, often accompanied by soft rot, with bleached leaves displaying a golden-yellow tint. This study provides detailed insights into the phytochemical profile of Indian Piper betle and highlights significant biochemical changes caused by storage, supporting improved post-harvest handling and quality management.
Abstract: Piper betle L. is an important ethnobotanical medicine, known for its antiseptic and antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to analyze the phytochemical composition of P. betel leaves from the Kakatapur area in Odisha and to evaluate biochemical changes during storage. Fresh leaves were found to be nutritionally rich, containing proteins (3–3.5...
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Research Article
Sustainable Cereal Production in an Era of Climate Change in the Tribal Dominated Regions of Koraput District of Odisha Through Indigenous Sustainable Farming Practices
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
389-398
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.28
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Abstract: Agriculture and forestry are the life support system for tribal. Tribal men and women have been involved in agriculture since the inception of tribal civilization. Our study included 4 revenue blocks, namely Koraput, Jeypore, Kundra, and Boipariguda, of Koraput district of Odisha. We interviewed about 120 stakeholders from farming families using PRA tools and a pre-structured questionnaires. Rice, Finger millet, and Maize were the most commonly cultivated cereals, providing food, nutrition, and livelihood support. In this agricultural system, women farmers play a vital role in preparing organic formulations, as they are the main stakeholders in the entire agricultural operation. Basically, the traditional farming practices they followed meant low-level sustainable production for year-round consumption only. However, tribal farming communities aged 20-35 were found to adopt the introduction of high-yielding and resistant varieties, contributing to enhanced production and economic benefits. Production of local and resistant, high-yielding varieties was compared with the use of both traditional and modern sustainable practices. However, poor infrastructure, economic instability, and a lack of knowledge in commercial-scale cultivation often keep production gains below desired levels. Govt. and private sector participation can improve modern technical knowledge and combine traditional agricultural practices with improved agro-economic practices to enhance sustainable cereal production for livelihoods, socio-economic development, and self-sustainability of vulnerable, resource-poor tribal communities in an era of climate change and modern agricultural systems.
Abstract: Agriculture and forestry are the life support system for tribal. Tribal men and women have been involved in agriculture since the inception of tribal civilization. Our study included 4 revenue blocks, namely Koraput, Jeypore, Kundra, and Boipariguda, of Koraput district of Odisha. We interviewed about 120 stakeholders from farming families using PR...
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Research Article
Efficient Cr6+ Removal with Activated Bio-Sorbent: Process Optimization
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
399-412
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.29
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Abstract: This study investigated the biosorption of Cr6+ from aqueous solution using a gelling derived activated bio-sorbent, with process conditions optimized through a Box–Behnken response surface design. The exhausted sorbent was characterized by SEM–EDX and FTIR to elucidate changes in surface morphology, elemental composition, and functional groups involved in chromium binding. A systematic series of experiments was performed to evaluate the main and interactive effects of pH, sorbent dosage, and contact time at a fixed initial Cr6+ concentration and ambient temperature on removal efficiency. Under statistically optimized conditions at neutral pH, the activated bio-sorbent exhibited a maximum uptake capacity of 92.34 mg g-1, underscoring its strong affinity for hexavalent chromium and its promise for practical wastewater treatment. The Box–Behnken design provided a robust quantitative framework for model development, significance testing, and prediction of process behavior across the investigated operating window. Analysis of variance yielded an F-value of 10.67 and a p-value of 0.0025, confirming that the quadratic model was statistically significant and suitable for describing Cr6+ biosorption performance. Overall, the findings demonstrate the feasibility of employing this low-cost, gelling-based bio-sorbent as an efficient alternative to conventional adsorbents for chromium remediation. Future work should focus on regeneration and reuse, sorption–desorption cycling, and pilot-scale implementation, as well as integration with existing treatment trains to enhance process sustainability and support broader deployment in industrial effluent management systems. Attention to kinetic and equilibrium behavior, potential competing ions, and real effluent matrices will further clarify operational limits and guide translation from laboratory conditions to field practice successfully.
Abstract: This study investigated the biosorption of Cr6+ from aqueous solution using a gelling derived activated bio-sorbent, with process conditions optimized through a Box–Behnken response surface design. The exhausted sorbent was characterized by SEM–EDX and FTIR to elucidate changes in surface morphology, elemental composition, and functional groups inv...
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Research Article
Microbial Production of PHB from Rhizospheric Bacteria
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
413-419
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.30
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Abstract: The use of non-degradable polymers is generally inexpensive but has been creating havoc and has led to very serious environmental problems, as these non-degradable polymers take many years to degrade due to the hardness of this polymer. In the last few decades, there has been much research in the generation and advancement of new materials to address the problem presented by fossil-based polymers. This study focuses on The isolation, screening, and evaluation of PHB-producing bacteria from a soil sample collected from the rhizosphere. A total of heterotrophic bacterial isolates was obtained and subjected to screening using a fluorescence-based staining method involving Nile red dye. Approximately most of the isolates demonstrated significant fluorescence, indicating the presence of intracellular PHB granules. Selected strains were further cultivated under a glucose-rich medium to promote polymer development, and their PHB production was quantitatively monitored using spectrofluorometry. The findings indicated that PHB accumulation in all examined strains escalated over time and reached a plateau after approximately 48 hours of incubation. Comparative analysis using different carbon sources, such as glucose, showed similar levels of polymer production after 72 hours in most isolates. However, certain strains exhibited enhanced accumulation, suggesting variability in metabolic efficiency. Among the isolates studied, one strain demonstrated notably higher PHB production compared to others. The results show that using Nile red staining with spectrofluorometry is a quick and accurate way to find and count microorganisms that make PHB. Furthermore, rhizosphere soils are identified as promising natural sources for isolating efficient PHB-producing bacteria with potential industrial applications. The study also emphasizes the importance of environmental isolates in improving the accuracy of predictive models related to microbial activity and polymer production.
Abstract: The use of non-degradable polymers is generally inexpensive but has been creating havoc and has led to very serious environmental problems, as these non-degradable polymers take many years to degrade due to the hardness of this polymer. In the last few decades, there has been much research in the generation and advancement of new materials to addre...
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Research Article
Biotechnological Valorization of Solid Waste–Derived Adsorbents for Sustainable Removal of COD, BOD, and TDS from Dairy Wastewater
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
420-425
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.31
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Abstract: The dairy industry is one of the most important sectors among the food process industries. But it generates a significant amount of wastewater due to more quantity of water usage in various processing units, i.e., pasteurization, homogenization, equipment cleaning, and sanitation. On an average, about 2.5 to 10 liters of wastewater are generated for each liter of milk processed. This wastewater contains a large concentration of pollutants like carbohydrates, proteins, oil, greases, suspended solids and other nutrients. Because of these, the concentration of BOD and COD in the waste water was pretty high. If it is dumped directly to the water resources without appropriate treatment, it may serious problems like, polluted water, bad smells, even damaged aquatic life. In this study, an environmental-friendly approach was adopted by transforming agricultural waste materials like dried guava leaves and coconut shells into granular activated carbon for the wastewater treatment. To simulate actual industrial conditions, synthetic dairy wastewater was generated in laboratory scale. Then it was treated using these low-cost adsorbents. Their performance was evaluated by measuring the reduction in COD, BOD, and TDS concentrations. Activated carbon derived from guava leaves achieved the removal efficiencies of 76% for COD, 78% for BOD, and 65% for TDS. In comparison, the coconut shell derived activated carbon performed somewhat better, achieving 84% removal of COD, 80% of BOD, and 68% of TDS. The study demonstrates that converting waste into valuable resources through biotechnological processes provides a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for the efficient treatment of dairy wastewater.
Abstract: The dairy industry is one of the most important sectors among the food process industries. But it generates a significant amount of wastewater due to more quantity of water usage in various processing units, i.e., pasteurization, homogenization, equipment cleaning, and sanitation. On an average, about 2.5 to 10 liters of wastewater are generated fo...
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Research Article
Environmental Sustainability of Rice Cultivation in Western Regions of Odisha: A Life Cycle Perspective
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
426-436
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.32
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Abstract: Rice, a principal cereal crop often regarded as a staple food, plays a vital role in the agricultural economy of western Odisha. Cultivation of rice needs various forms of material and energy inputs, making it a resource-intensive process, and hence, its environmental consequences are becoming increasingly significant. Consequently, finding the right strategies and solutions to improve sustainability has become essential. The right scientific tools and credible data are required for assessing the sustainability by evaluating the environmental burden associated with rice cultivation. Environmental impact assessment can be performed by various methods, and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is one such approach which is widely used. LCA provides intricate details in the cultivation process, which are generally overlooked during most studies. This study evaluates the environmental impacts associated with the rice cultivation process using LCA with a focus on hotspots due to inputs, outputs and emissions. The ReCiPe midpoint methodology has been used to calculate 18 impact indicators. The results were characterized and normalized subsequently for comparison. Results show a Global warming potential (GWP) of 1.34 kg CO2eq per functional unit. The highest normalized impact was found to be water consumption (3.89E-03), indicating that intensive rice farming has led to high water consumption, while high normalized values of terrestrial (2.86E-03) and marine ecotoxicity (2.83E-03) indicate contamination of water bodies due to excessive fertilizer and chemical use. These impacts pose challenges to environmental sustainability and highlight the need for sustainable rice cultivation practices, including improved water management, balanced nutrient use, and eco-friendly farming techniques, to reduce environmental degradation while maintaining crop productivity.
Abstract: Rice, a principal cereal crop often regarded as a staple food, plays a vital role in the agricultural economy of western Odisha. Cultivation of rice needs various forms of material and energy inputs, making it a resource-intensive process, and hence, its environmental consequences are becoming increasingly significant. Consequently, finding the rig...
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Research Article
Millet Growers Safeguarding the Household Economy and Nutritional Security Through Cultivation of Millets: A Case Study of Koraput, Odisha
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2026
Pages:
437-442
Received:
31 December 2025
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
17 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261104.33
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Abstract: Koraput district household economy primarily depends on agriculture, in which cereal cultivation plays a vital role. The district topography is very peculiar, with a peculiar distribution of the land mass. During the kharif season, most of the Koraput district becomes covered in greenery through the cultivation of various crops, especially finger millet in the uplands. However, erratic rainfall remains the main constraint, hampering millet production. Despite many difficulties in the cultivation of millets in Koraput, the district contributes a major portion, around 65160 hectares, with a production of 8.44 qtls/ha (Data source: Department of Agriculture, 2013) of the area under millet cultivation. Nowadays, the global food system faces unparalleled challenges of hunger, undernutrition, malnutrition, and inadequate availability and affordability of healthy, nutritious diets. In this backdrop, a neglected underutilized crop like millet has received renewed policy primacy by governments in many states as well as by the central government in India for achieving nutritional and income security of the millet farming community of the country, who are the custodians of our diet; and for the high resilience of the crop against climate vulnerability of the farming sector. The Government of Odisha has placed special emphasis on millet cultivation and introduced the “Odisha Millets Mission (OMM),” now renamed “Odisha Shree Anna Abhiyan (OSAA),” as a rejuvenation effort in this direction. This supportive government policy provided a clear roadmap for expanding millet cultivation and increased millet farmers' household income. The present study aims to assess household income and millet consumption among millet farmers in Koraput block, Koraput district, as it ranks among the district's blocks in terms of area under millet cultivation and the number of households engaged in crop production. The block's high land suitability is reported to be the major factor behind extensive millet production. The block was selected using purposive sampling.
Abstract: Koraput district household economy primarily depends on agriculture, in which cereal cultivation plays a vital role. The district topography is very peculiar, with a peculiar distribution of the land mass. During the kharif season, most of the Koraput district becomes covered in greenery through the cultivation of various crops, especially finger m...
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