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Review on Immunity to Fungal Infections in Animals
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
15-20
Received:
22 February 2022
Accepted:
25 March 2022
Published:
31 March 2022
Abstract: The occurrence of mycosis is relatively uncommon in healthy and immunocompetent hosts. But now a days, the incidence of fungal infections are increasing and there is no effective vaccine for fungal infections in contrast to bacterial and viral diseases. And also, available antifungal drugs are not effective to treat infected animals. Understanding the immunity against fungal infections is of interest which can contribute more for therapeutic and vaccine development. Therefore, this review focuses on the immune components involved in clearing fungal pathogens. Disease outcome is a result of host-pathogen interactions. Immunity is the body’s resistance to infection. Innate and acquired immune systems are involved to eliminate animal fungal infections. Innate immunity is not specific. It is the first line of defense, with genetically encoded receptors that identify greatly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Physical barriers, phagocytic cells, chemotactic factors and natural killer cells are some of the innate defense mechanisms. Adaptive immunity is specific. Lymphocytes have a unique and specific antigen receptor. It can be a humoral or cellular type of immune system. In adaptive immunity, there is a development of immunological memory in the host after exposure to a pathogen. However, there are no effective vaccines and antifungal drugs. So it causes high morbidity and mortality in animals and fungal pathogens have become a significant clinical challenge, leading to a global threat to controlling fungal infections. Therefore, good management of animals and treating concurrent infections strengthens their immunity. Besides, promoting research into fungal infections to develop new diagnostics, anti-fungal drugs and vaccines are recommended.
Abstract: The occurrence of mycosis is relatively uncommon in healthy and immunocompetent hosts. But now a days, the incidence of fungal infections are increasing and there is no effective vaccine for fungal infections in contrast to bacterial and viral diseases. And also, available antifungal drugs are not effective to treat infected animals. Understanding ...
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Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Bovine Mastitis on Dairy Cattle in Mogadishu Somalia
Mohamed Ali Yusuf-Isleged
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
21-27
Received:
21 March 2022
Accepted:
6 April 2022
Published:
20 April 2022
Abstract: Mastitis is one of the main problems that lead to economic inefficiency in dairy farms. In Somalia, the shortage of milk and milk products has many causes, however examination of sub-clinical mastitis and their prevalence has not been adequately addressed and no comprehensive research has been led on their epidemiology. Therefore this study was launched to assess the prevalence of mastitis in Mogadishu as well as identify the risk factors that are associated with mastitis occurrence. The study was cross sectional and took place between March 2019 to February 2020, to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of mastitis on dairy cattle at Mogadishu, Somalia. The study conducted multistage sampling by first purposely selecting three districts from the 17 districts that comprises Mogadishu province. The area selection was based on the availability of dairy farms. Farms were also randomly selected by first listing farms in a piece of paper and selecting it from the bowel, while systematic selection was conducted at animal level by selecting every four animals for sampling and screening. In this study the overall prevalence found was 44.5% and quarter wise the prevalence was 19%. The present study revealed that the presence of mastitis among different age groups of the examined cattle had statistically significant difference in their prevalence (p<0.05), with the highest prevalence found in cattle 7 years and above of age with prevalence of (51.4%) compared to cattle <7 years of age (25.49 %). The study also revealed a statistically significant association between mastitis and stage of lactation of the cattle with animals with early stage of lactation having the highest prevalence (58.86%) compared to the cattle late stage of lactation with the (12.61%). Study also presented a significant association between prevalence of mastitis and production system was (p<0.005) which is higher in intensive systems with the (47.45%) and lower semi-intensive systems (31.4%). Presence of mastitis and hygienic level was also compared and a significant association was found (p<0.05). According to the breed, a significant difference was not found between the prevalence of exotic and local cattle (p>0.05) although exotic were found to have a slightly higher prevalence (47.33%) compared to local cattle (43.1%). Therefore this study recommended that the regular screening for early detection should be done at least once a week for monitoring udder health status of dairy animals.
Abstract: Mastitis is one of the main problems that lead to economic inefficiency in dairy farms. In Somalia, the shortage of milk and milk products has many causes, however examination of sub-clinical mastitis and their prevalence has not been adequately addressed and no comprehensive research has been led on their epidemiology. Therefore this study was lau...
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Comparative Evaluation of Horizontal and Vertical Frame Beehives at Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center of Oromia, Ethiopia
Taye Beyene,
Mekonen Woldetsadik,
Desta Abi
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
28-32
Received:
8 March 2022
Accepted:
8 April 2022
Published:
20 April 2022
Abstract: The sole purpose of a hive is to encourage the bees to construct their nests in such a way that it is easy to manage and maintain them. The study was conducted at Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center to evaluate the performances of honeybee colonies, honey yield and cost incurred in both horizontal beehives as compare to movable frame beehive. A total of 12 honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera bandasii) were established and assigned into four treatment groups. All the established honeybee colonies were managed in uniform manner until they are established properly and acquire uniform strength. Data on bee population, brood area, pollen and nectar stored areas were recorded using Liebefeld method (frame unit area, 10 x10 cm2) at every 21 days. In addition, data on average honey yield per harvest/colony, production costs and profit were recorded for each treatment during the study period. All the recorded data were organized by Microsoft excel and analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis of variance ANOVA of SAS software version 20. Results revealed that there was statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between Tensheratach beehive, Modern beehive and Bacho beehive with regarding to honey yield. The highest mean honey yield per hive (24.81±3.24 kg/hive) was recorded from Tensheratach beehive followed by Modern beehive (21.51±2.36 kg/hive) and Bacho beehive (17.3±1.43 kg/hive). Significantly greatest adult bee population, brood area, pollen and nectar stored areas were also recorded from Tensharatech beehive compare to Modern beehive and Bacho beehive. The total costs of production and economic returns of Tensheratach beehive were higher than Modern beehive and Bacho beehive. From this study, it is possible to recommend that Tensheratach beehive can be used as an alternative beehive technology for honey production with full packages in addition to modern beehive.
Abstract: The sole purpose of a hive is to encourage the bees to construct their nests in such a way that it is easy to manage and maintain them. The study was conducted at Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center to evaluate the performances of honeybee colonies, honey yield and cost incurred in both horizontal beehives as compare to movable frame beehive. A...
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Application of Climate Envelope Model in the Control of Fasciola gigantica Prevalence in Nigeria
Isah Hamisu,
Abdulmumin Garba Budah
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
33-40
Received:
23 September 2021
Accepted:
16 November 2021
Published:
20 April 2022
Abstract: Mapping the potential areas for pathogen prevalence is a repetitive process and this research is an initial attempt to model the nation-wide prevalence of Fasciola gigantica in Nigeria. Data on Fasciola gigantica occurrence localities were obtained from published literature together with bioclimatic variables, the climate envelope model (MaxEnt) was utilized to analyze and predict its spatial range and to create suitable areas for Fasciola gigantica prevalence in Nigeria. The results show that the predicted areas of high risk included parts of northwestern Nigeria in Sokoto, Kebbi, Katsina, and some patches of Kano State. Likewise, Bauchi, Gombe, Borno, and large portions of Plateau State. Other areas of high risk as indicated by the model included Ekiti, Ogun, and Lagos State in the southwest. Similarly, infection risks covered the southeastern Nigeria in some parts of Rivers, Akwa Ibom and Cross rivers. The three most important variables with the highest training gain as revealed by the model are isothermality, minimum temperature of the coldest month, and precipitation seasonality. The performance of the MaxEnt model was better than a random prediction with training AUC scores of 0.891. This shows that MaxEnt is a suitable modelling technique for predicting the spatial range of fascioliasis prevalence in Nigeria based on its very good predictive accuracy.
Abstract: Mapping the potential areas for pathogen prevalence is a repetitive process and this research is an initial attempt to model the nation-wide prevalence of Fasciola gigantica in Nigeria. Data on Fasciola gigantica occurrence localities were obtained from published literature together with bioclimatic variables, the climate envelope model (MaxEnt) wa...
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Factors Associated with Plant Parasitic Nematode (PPN) Population: A Review
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
41-45
Received:
24 February 2022
Accepted:
6 April 2022
Published:
25 April 2022
Abstract: Meloidogyne spp., root-knot nematodes (RKNs), are sedentary endoparasites that harm practically every crop on the planet. The root knot nematode attacks a variety of vegetable crops, causing delayed maturity, lower yields and quality, high production costs, and, as a result, a loss of income. The number of Root Knot Nematodes fluctuates from time to time, which can be caused by changes in temperature, soil type, and soil moisture. However, because the damage displays indications of drought and nutrient stress, it is frequently disregarded and goes unrecognized by most farmers. They degrade product quality in addition to reducing crop output owing to disruption in the host plant's physiology. The lack of awareness among farmers about the issues caused by root knot nematodes, as well as poor management strategies to combat the threat is a serious impediment to the protection of vegetable crops. To increase farmer acceptance, management techniques should be implemented in accordance with integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Vegetable growers should also be informed about the dangers of root-knot nematodes. In general, the paper summarizes elements that influence root knot nematode population dynamics, the significance of root knot nematodes and their development, as well as the pathogen life cycle and control methods.
Abstract: Meloidogyne spp., root-knot nematodes (RKNs), are sedentary endoparasites that harm practically every crop on the planet. The root knot nematode attacks a variety of vegetable crops, causing delayed maturity, lower yields and quality, high production costs, and, as a result, a loss of income. The number of Root Knot Nematodes fluctuates from time t...
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