Review Article
Comprehensive Review of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence Factors and Their Role in Urinary Tract Infection
Wondwesen Mitiku*,
Debebe Landina Lata
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
43-50
Received:
7 May 2025
Accepted:
10 June 2025
Published:
7 July 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.scidev.20250603.11
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Abstract: Escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacterium that lives in numerous places within the environment, including the gastrointestinal framework of people. Most strains of Escherichia coli contribute positively to human health by aiding in digestion and nutrient absorption. However, certain strains can become pathogenic and are capable of causing extraintestinal infections in humans. Among these, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the primary causative agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in women, children, and the elderly. UPEC strains possess unique genetic traits known as virulence factors, which are essential for their ability to colonize, invade, and persist within the urinary tract. The primary objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the major virulence factors associated with UPEC and to evaluate their specific roles in the pathogenesis of UTIs. UPEC virulence factors are broadly classified into surface-associated structures and secreted products. Type 1 fimbriae and P fimbriae are the major surface adhesion structures, allowing UPEC to attach to and colonize the uroepithelial cells of the bladder and kidneys. Capsular polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) contribute to immune evasion and biofilm formation, enhancing the bacteria’s ability to persist in hostile environments. In addition to surface structures, UPEC also secretes various toxins and effector proteins. These include hemolysin, which lyses host cells; cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) and cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), which interfere with host cell function; secreted autotransporter toxin (SAT), which promotes tissue damage; and siderophores, which facilitate iron acquisition from the host, an essential nutrient for bacterial growth. Further research is needed to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying UPEC virulence and the factors contributing to the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant clones. A comprehensive understanding of virulence factor expression, regulation, and interaction with the host immune system could provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Abstract: Escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacterium that lives in numerous places within the environment, including the gastrointestinal framework of people. Most strains of Escherichia coli contribute positively to human health by aiding in digestion and nutrient absorption. However, certain strains can become pathogenic and are capable of causing extra...
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