Review Article
Sustainable Nanocomposites for Explosive Detection and Neutralization: A Critical Review Integrating Material Science into National Security
Aminu Sanusi Haruna*,
Bassey Etuk Esuh,
Lois John Rimfat
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
64-70
Received:
19 November 2025
Accepted:
6 December 2025
Published:
28 July 2026
Abstract: The increasing sophistication of explosive threats has intensified the demand for advanced, sustainable, and environmentally responsible technologies for explosive detection and neutralization. This review critically examines the emerging role of sustainable nanocomposites in addressing these challenges, with particular emphasis on green nanotechnology, environmental sustainability, and their strategic relevance to national security. Unlike conventional detection systems, which often suffer from limited sensitivity, slow response times, poor selectivity, and reduced performance under harsh tropical conditions, nanocomposite materials—including graphene-based sensors, metal–organic framework (MOF) hybrids, plasmonic nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, and TiO2-based photocatalysts—offer superior trace-level detection, rapid electron-transfer capabilities, high selectivity, and environmentally benign degradation of explosive residues. The review explores the fundamental sensing mechanisms, photocatalytic and catalytic neutralization pathways, material synthesis approaches, and sustainability considerations associated with these advanced nanomaterials. It further evaluates practical deployment challenges, including false-positive responses, cross-sensitivity to environmental interferents, long-term material stability, scalability, production costs, and potential environmental and health implications. Existing research gaps are identified, highlighting the need for improved material durability, field validation, and the integration of artificial intelligence and smart sensing technologies to enhance detection accuracy and operational efficiency. In addition, the paper proposes a Nigeria-focused National Nanotechnology Defence Framework aimed at promoting indigenous research, technological innovation, institutional collaboration, and policy development for defence and homeland security applications. The review concludes that sustainable nanocomposites represent a promising frontier for next-generation explosive detection and neutralization technologies, offering significant opportunities to strengthen environmental stewardship, public safety, and national security while advancing sustainable technological development.
Abstract: The increasing sophistication of explosive threats has intensified the demand for advanced, sustainable, and environmentally responsible technologies for explosive detection and neutralization. This review critically examines the emerging role of sustainable nanocomposites in addressing these challenges, with particular emphasis on green nanotechno...
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Research Article
A Review of ZnO Wide-Bandgap Semiconducting Materials and Future Applications
Sanjay Kumar*,
Arvind Mishra,
Virendra Kumar,
Radhey Shyam Baghel,
Chandra Shakher Pathak
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
71-80
Received:
7 November 2025
Accepted:
18 December 2025
Published:
6 August 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sdm.20260102.12
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Abstract: We report on water splitting, disinfection, and pollutant degradation processes assisted by photocatalysis supported by zinc oxide (ZnO) under varied experimental and environmental conditions. In addition, the role of ozonation in the presence of ZnO and its synergistic impact on the effective elimination of organic and inorganic contaminants is discussed, highlighting enhanced reaction kinetics and mineralization efficiency. ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have also emerged as appropriate and versatile tools in drug delivery systems and chemical or biological sensing applications due to their biocompatibility, tunable surface chemistry, and strong photoluminescence response. Owing to its distinctive structural, optical, and electronic properties, ZnO has been extensively employed as an n-type inorganic semiconductor in organic solar cells (OSCs) and hybrid solar cells (HSCs), where it functions efficiently as an electron transport and hole-blocking layer. Its high chemical and thermal stability, non-toxicity, facile synthesis routes, low production cost, and excellent optoelectronic characteristics make ZnO highly attractive for large-scale technological applications. Furthermore, ZnO is widely used as a preservative and functional additive in numerous products and materials, including foundations, ceramics, glass, rubbers, lubricants, plastics, cement, ointments, paints, adhesives, sealants, colorants, ferrites, foods, batteries, food enhancers, fire-retardant systems, and first-aid tapes. These diverse applications underscore the multifunctional nature and industrial relevance of ZnO-based materials.
Abstract: We report on water splitting, disinfection, and pollutant degradation processes assisted by photocatalysis supported by zinc oxide (ZnO) under varied experimental and environmental conditions. In addition, the role of ozonation in the presence of ZnO and its synergistic impact on the effective elimination of organic and inorganic contaminants is di...
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