Research Article
A Pirate, a Broker, and a Sentry Between the Emperor Wan Li and King Felipe II --- Based on Du Fu Shu Yi and Dong Xi Yang Kao
Yang Yang*
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2025
Pages:
41-48
Received:
21 November 2025
Accepted:
4 December 2025
Published:
29 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijes.20250902.11
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Abstract: When Portugal and Spain embarked on global colonial expansion, on the same timeline in Asia, the Ming Dynasty still utilized the feudal tributary system to define the “small, poor, and weak” Fans. Through the Philippines as a transit port: a belligerent pirate, Limajon, a cunning broker with some knowledge of Portuguese and Spanish, Cincay, a self-aggrandizing sentry, Omocon, with the Emperor Wan Li and King Felipe II, they together recounted the early history between China and Spain. In academic achievements surrounding this profitable global, except for Martin de Rada, Juan Gonzalez de Mendoza, Miguel de Loarca and their representative works, records, perspectives, and commentaries and dairies from Ming Dynasty officials and scholars are lacking. Liu Yaohui, the governor of Fu Jian, Du Fu Shu Yi and Zhang Bian wrote Dong Xi Yang Kao, which recorded the same historical facts, this article’s core is to demonstrate their records and their minds of ancient Fu Jian and Guang Dong’s residents, furthermore, through Fo Lang Ji, these residents had developed a negative impression of the so-called West and continued until the second globalization, this reflects the mentality behind China's Ming and Qing dynasties' 220-year maritime ban policy, this comprehensive ocean and maritime trade blockade that caused China to continuously fall into a quagmire of backwardness, China developed a severe phobia in the mid-19th century.
Abstract: When Portugal and Spain embarked on global colonial expansion, on the same timeline in Asia, the Ming Dynasty still utilized the feudal tributary system to define the “small, poor, and weak” Fans. Through the Philippines as a transit port: a belligerent pirate, Limajon, a cunning broker with some knowledge of Portuguese and Spanish, Cincay, a self-...
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