Research Article
A Nation’s Cry: Democracy, Human Rights, and the Struggle for Good Governance in Bangladesh
Sharmin Sultana,
Md. Awal Hossain Mollah*
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2026
Pages:
15-26
Received:
13 January 2026
Accepted:
3 February 2026
Published:
6 August 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijes.20261002.11
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Abstract: This paper examines the persistent challenges facing democracy, human rights, and good governance in Bangladesh, highlighting how historical, political, administrative, and institutional weaknesses have impeded democratic consolidation since independence. Although parliamentary democracy was restored in 1991, recurring electoral irregularities, political polarization, and the monopolization of state institutions by ruling parties have weakened democratic legitimacy and limited meaningful political competition. The abolition of the caretaker government system and controversial elections, particularly in 2014 and 2018, further undermined public confidence in the electoral process. Recent student-led movements in 2024–2025 reflected growing public dissatisfaction with political exclusion and governance failures, emphasizing the demand for democratic reforms. The study also identifies bureaucratic politicization, centralized decision-making, corruption, and weak administrative accountability as major barriers to effective governance and public service delivery. Merit-based recruitment, professional development, and institutional autonomy are recommended to strengthen administrative capacity. Furthermore, persistent human rights concerns—including extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, custodial deaths, violence against women, and restrictions on civil liberties—continue to challenge the rule of law despite constitutional guarantees. Independent oversight bodies, such as the Election Commission, Anti-Corruption Commission, Human Rights Commission, and judiciary, require greater operational and financial independence to ensure accountability and justice. The paper concludes that Bangladesh’s democratic future depends on comprehensive institutional reforms that promote free and fair elections, judicial independence, bureaucratic professionalism, protection of human rights, and active citizen participation. Strengthening civil society, safeguarding freedom of expression, and fostering inclusive political dialogue are essential for rebuilding public trust and establishing a transparent, accountable, and participatory system of governance capable of fulfilling the democratic aspirations envisioned at the nation’s independence.
Abstract: This paper examines the persistent challenges facing democracy, human rights, and good governance in Bangladesh, highlighting how historical, political, administrative, and institutional weaknesses have impeded democratic consolidation since independence. Although parliamentary democracy was restored in 1991, recurring electoral irregularities, pol...
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