Research Article
Evaluation of the Heart Rate Variability of Resting and Activity of Senegalese Football Players
Abdou Khadir Sow*
,
Cherif Ousseynou Laye Thiom,
Mor Diaw,
Fatou Kine Ndoye,
Mame Saloum Coly,
Awa Ba,
Salimata Diagne Houndjo,
Maimouna Toure,
Aissatou Seck,
Fabienne Bregeon,
Stephane Delliaux,
Abdoulaye Ba
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, June 2026
Pages:
1-9
Received:
29 April 2026
Accepted:
13 May 2026
Published:
26 May 2026
Abstract: Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is the fluctuation of heart rhythm between two consecutive beats. It reflects the autonomic control of the heart, which is also influenced by physical activity. Objective: Thus, the objective of our study was to investigate the HRV of Senegalese football players. Methods: This was a cross-sectional and descriptive study based on the analysis of HRV of Senegalese footballers at rest, during orthostatic, the Ruffier test and its recovery using a Schiller AR4Plus® brand holter EKG. HRV parameters in the temporal and frequency domains were used, as well as cardiac adaptation indices during the Ruffier test. Data were analyzed using R software version 3.4.2. Results: A total of 32 players, all male, were explored. Majority of them had resting sinus bradycardia and cardiovascular adaptation was considered normal for all players according to the Ruffier index. Parasympathetic tone, as measured by RMSSD, pNN50 and HF.nu, was normal or elevated at rest and decreased in orthostatic and during the Ruffier test, but increased during recovery. Whereas sympathetic tone, explored by LF.nu and the LF/HF ratio, was low or normal and evolved in the opposite direction. Good cardiovascular adaptation was linked to good resting variability. Conclusion: Football players had a good total HRV of rest and responded normally to stress and recovery. Their cardiovascular adaptation is linked to overall variability.
Abstract: Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is the fluctuation of heart rhythm between two consecutive beats. It reflects the autonomic control of the heart, which is also influenced by physical activity. Objective: Thus, the objective of our study was to investigate the HRV of Senegalese football players. Methods: This was a cross-sectional and descr...
Show More
Research Article
Effects of Time-Restricted and Alternate- Day Intermittent Fasting on Liver Enzymes, Glycogen and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, June 2026
Pages:
10-17
Received:
20 May 2026
Accepted:
8 June 2026
Published:
26 June 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.aap.20261101.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Intermittent fasting (IF) has been reported to improve metabolic health in diabetes but the underlying mechanisms by which intermittent fasting promotes metabolic health in streptozotocin-induced diabetes have not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the effects of Time-Restricted (TR) and Alternate- Day (AD) Intermittent Fasting (IF) on body weight, liver enzymes, liver glycogen, blood glucose, and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Sixty male Wistar rats (200-250g) were grouped into six groups (n=10). Group 1 (non-diabetic control) and Group 2 (non-diabetic +time-restricted intermittent fasting). Groups 3 - 6 received streptozotocin (50mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.). After diabetes was confirmed, animals in groups 3, 5 and 6 were treated with Time-restricted intermittent fasting, metformin (200mg/kg) orally, and Alternate- day intermittent fasting protocols respectively, while group 4 animals were untreated (Diabetic control) for 28days. After 28 days, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), fasting blood glucose (FBG), liver function enzymes, Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were measured. The results showed that while there was significant decrease in body weight, there was significant increase in fasting blood glucose and concentrations of liver enzymes AST, ALT and ALP in group 4 compared to group 1. Time- restricted fasting, metformin treatment and Alternate day intermittent fasting caused significant decrease in body weight, fasting blood glucose and serum levels of AST, ALT and ALP in groups 3, 5 and 6 compared to group 4. Liver glycogen was significantly reduced in group 4 and increased in groups 3, 5 and 6 of diabetic rats. The study showed that Time-restricted (18: 6) and Alternate-Day intermittent fasting regimens ameliorated diabetes through improved glucose tolerance, liver glycogen synthesis and liver function enzymes.
Abstract: Intermittent fasting (IF) has been reported to improve metabolic health in diabetes but the underlying mechanisms by which intermittent fasting promotes metabolic health in streptozotocin-induced diabetes have not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the effects of Time-Restricted (TR) and Alternate- Day (AD) Intermittent Fasting (IF) on ...
Show More
