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Energetic Potential of Plant Biomass and Its Use
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, March 2013
Pages:
26-29
Abstract: A calorific value of various biomass samples (waste of wood, paper, textile, agricultural plants) and liquid biofuels (bioethanol, biodiesel) has been studied in this paper. In addition, a specific combustion heat of the biomass samples was calculated, which almost was coincided with the experimental heating value. It was established that the specific combustion heat of the investigated solid plant materials was from 11 to 25 MJ/kg. The calorific value of the liquid biofuels was from 27 to 37 MJ/kg, i.e. it was higher than the calorific value of the solid biomass samples. Despite of this fact, a most efficient way of the energy production is the direct burning of the plant biomass, while the burning of such amount of the liquid biofuel, which can be obtained from the plant material, gives a much smaller energetic effect.
Abstract: A calorific value of various biomass samples (waste of wood, paper, textile, agricultural plants) and liquid biofuels (bioethanol, biodiesel) has been studied in this paper. In addition, a specific combustion heat of the biomass samples was calculated, which almost was coincided with the experimental heating value. It was established that the speci...
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The Role of Energy Support Schemes in Renewable Energy Market Penetration
Matti Lehtovaara,
Tuomo Kässi,
Matti Karvonen
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, March 2013
Pages:
30-40
Abstract: A wide consensus exists about climate change due to the use of fossil fuels. Energy efficiency, decreased use of fossil fuels, and wide diffusion of renewable energy are vital for limiting global warming. The objective of this study is to analyze how wind power and distributed bio-energy could be commercialized effectively. The evaluation is based on a case study, literature reviews and semi-structured interviews of energy experts. The results demonstrate that renewable energy is not yet competitive against fossil-fuel energy without political support schemes during the next decades. The research reveals that novel ecosystems require commercial support in their early lifecycle.
Abstract: A wide consensus exists about climate change due to the use of fossil fuels. Energy efficiency, decreased use of fossil fuels, and wide diffusion of renewable energy are vital for limiting global warming. The objective of this study is to analyze how wind power and distributed bio-energy could be commercialized effectively. The evaluation is based ...
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Exploiting Algae As a Biomass Source to Produce Gasoline Grade Hydrocarbons by High Pressure Pyrolysis
Duminda A. Gunawardena,
Timothy J. Fernando,
Sandun D. Fernando
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, March 2013
Pages:
41-45
Abstract: The use of microalgae as a feedstock to produce hydrocarbon fuels using high pressure catalytic pyrolysis was studied. In this study, freeze dried microalgae species Nannochloropsis oculata was studied as the biomass source for py-rolysis in a micro-reactor. Algae sample was characterized by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) as well as FTIR analysis. To augment the hydrocarbon fraction, the effects of temperature and pressure were studied by varying the temperature from 500-800 oC in 100 oC increments and pressure 0-150 psi in 50 psi increments. When the sample was heated from 500-800 oC the volatiles were mainly hydrocarbons with small percentage of oxygenated and nitrogenated species. It was found that the gases evolved within 100-500oC were mostly oxygenated, nitrogenated and sulfided species.
Abstract: The use of microalgae as a feedstock to produce hydrocarbon fuels using high pressure catalytic pyrolysis was studied. In this study, freeze dried microalgae species Nannochloropsis oculata was studied as the biomass source for py-rolysis in a micro-reactor. Algae sample was characterized by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) as well as FTIR analysi...
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Efficiency Enhancement of Solar Cell by Introduction of Cerium Oxide along with Silicon Nitride
U. Gangopadhyay,
S. Ray,
E. Panda,
S. Jana,
S. Das
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, March 2013
Pages:
46-50
Abstract: In this paper we have carried out the comparative simulations study of n type c-Si Solar Cell with SiNx and SiNx+CeO2 layers separately by PC1D simulation software. The motivation of this paper is to determine the optimum con-dition when Solar Cell yields more efficiency by using SiNx+CeO2 layer rather than only SiNx layer respectively on the front side of the Solar Cell. For these purpose the simulations have been done by changing the thickness and refractive index of CeO2 layer. By the observation of simulation’s data i.e. reflectance versus wavelength, Quantum Efficiency versus wavelength, and current density versus voltage curves, it has been endeavored to determine the optimum condition when the Solar Cell with SiNx+CeO2 layer yield the maximum possible efficiency. In this paper the efficiency of Si+SiNx+CeO2 combination has been found as 17.34% whereas the Si+SiNx combination gives the efficiency about 16.91%.
Abstract: In this paper we have carried out the comparative simulations study of n type c-Si Solar Cell with SiNx and SiNx+CeO2 layers separately by PC1D simulation software. The motivation of this paper is to determine the optimum con-dition when Solar Cell yields more efficiency by using SiNx+CeO2 layer rather than only SiNx layer respectively on the front...
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Comparative Study of Stability Range of Proposed PI Controllers for Tidal Current Turbine Driving DFIG
Hamed H. H. Aly,
M. E. El-Hawary
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, March 2013
Pages:
51-62
Abstract: Renewable energy in the power grid system is one of the most important topics in electricity generating now and into the future. The increasing penetration of this type of energy makes it very important for researchers to put the spot on. Tidal current energy is one of the most rapidly growing technologies for generating electric energy. Within that frame, tidal current energy is surging to the fore. The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is one of the most commonly used generators associated with tidal current and offshore wind turbines. The aim of the present work is to dedicate control strategies for the DFIG, enabling the turbines to act as an active component in the power system. This paper describes the overall dynamic models of tidal current turbine driving DFIG connected to a single machine infinite bus system and proposed two PI controllers used for improving the power system stability. DFIG is tested for small signal stability analysis. The overall system is verified. The system is tested using different values of controllers coefficients to determine the preferred ranges of values of the controllers coefficients for the system stability. The overall results are discussed and proved the importance of the proposed controllers.
Abstract: Renewable energy in the power grid system is one of the most important topics in electricity generating now and into the future. The increasing penetration of this type of energy makes it very important for researchers to put the spot on. Tidal current energy is one of the most rapidly growing technologies for generating electric energy. Within tha...
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Modeling and Characterization of Reed Canary Grass Pellet Formation Phenomenon
Amarnath Dhamodaran,
Muhammad Afzal
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, March 2013
Pages:
63-73
Abstract: The behaviour of pelletized reed canary grass (RCG) with selected feedstock and process parameters was studied for variation in springback characteristics based on axial changes after the compaction process. Experiments were carried out using a uniaxial single piston cylinder assembly with a proportional integral derivative temperature controller which was built in house for research purposes. A Multiple linear regression analysis based on moisture, temperature, pressure, hold time and their interaction terms was carried out to predict the length of pellets under compression in the die and excellent correlation were obtained. A finite difference method with over relaxation technique was successfully adopted to analyse the pressure and density distributions of biomass under compressive load. The compact geometry and friction between particles and die wall had effects on the pressure and density distributions in the compacted biomass. RCG pellets with lowest expansion were subjected to axial and diametrical compression tests. Bonding and failure analysis were carried out using scanning electron microscope which showed uneven breakage and interparticle voids.
Abstract: The behaviour of pelletized reed canary grass (RCG) with selected feedstock and process parameters was studied for variation in springback characteristics based on axial changes after the compaction process. Experiments were carried out using a uniaxial single piston cylinder assembly with a proportional integral derivative temperature controller w...
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Effect of Particle Size and Moisture Content on Cassava Root Pellet Fuel’S Qualities Follow the Acceptance of Pellet Fuel Standard
Sonthi Warajanont,
Nitipong Soponpongpipat
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, March 2013
Pages:
74-79
Abstract: This research studied about pellet fuel standards around the world and the effect of particle size and moisture content on cassava pellet fuel’s qualities. The sample pellet fuel from cassava root was produced in flat die pellet mill at controlling temperature 80-90 ºC. The studying parameters were particle size and moisture content. The particle size was defined by hammer mill screen sizes : 1, 4, and 10 millimeters. In the part of moisture content was defined by quantities of water addition in cassava root : 10, 20, and 30 % by raw cassava root mass. All different compound samples, cassava root pellet fuel were tested by PFI standard (The United State of America’s pellet fuel standard). The qualities of pellet fuel were diameter, length, moisture content, durability, fine, heating value, and bulk density. The result from testing shown that all cassava root pellet fuel samples passed the criterion of PFI standard and other pellet fuel standards. From this result indicated that the particle size and moisture content didn’t influence with all different compound cassava root pellet fuel samples.
Abstract: This research studied about pellet fuel standards around the world and the effect of particle size and moisture content on cassava pellet fuel’s qualities. The sample pellet fuel from cassava root was produced in flat die pellet mill at controlling temperature 80-90 ºC. The studying parameters were particle size and moisture content. The particle s...
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