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Physiological Analysis and Evaluation of Heavy Metal Contents in Leafy Vegetables and Fruits Collected from the Local Market of Prayagraj

Received: 28 December 2020     Accepted: 8 January 2021     Published: 10 March 2021
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Abstract

The following research work has been undertaken to examine the presence of heavy metals i.e lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co) in some selected vegetables and fruits supplied in the local market. The process used to determine heavy metals is Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Iron concentration in spinach, tomato, cauliflower and lady finger showed higher ranges which were exceeding the permissible limits. Cauliflower and spinach were within the limits specified. The pH value, ascorbic concentration and moisture content significantly decreased after oven drying of vegetables and fruits. However, the Total Soluble Solids (TSS) and ash content significantly increased after oven drying as compared with fresh vegetables and fruits. The present research data revealed that the fresh and oven dried vegetables such as Spinach, Cauliflower, Lady finger and Tomato contains 0.13-1.50%, 0.25-2.32%, 0.26-2.52% and 0.19-3.13% Titratable acidity respectively. Similarly, fresh and oven dried Guava Titratable acidity was highest 0.27 and 1.92 as compared with Water melon and Mango. The reduction in acidity may be due to catabolic activities in fruit cells and increased in pH. The pH value of vegetables and fruits dropped after oven drying. Similarly, ascorbic concentration and moisture content significantly decreased after oven drying as compared to fresh vegetables and fruits. However, the Total Soluble solids (TSS) and ash content significantly increased after oven drying as compared with fresh vegetables and fruits. Overall from the following study we can conclude that vegetables and fruits were found to be contaminated by heavy toxic metals. Regular monitoring is required because these toxic metals will damage human body as well disturb our food chain. The main objective to conduct this study is to monitor the heavy metal toxicity and provide some recommendation, which in future will assure food safety and human health.

Published in International Journal of Statistical Distributions and Applications (Volume 7, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijsd.20210701.12
Page(s) 7-12
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Vegetables, Heavy Metals, Fruits, Human Health

References
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[2] Arisi ACM, Cornic G, Jouanin L, Foyer CH (1998) Overexpression of iron superoxide dismutase in transformed poplar modifies the regulation of photosynthesis at low CO2 partial pressures or following exposure to the prooxidant herbicide methyl viologen. Plant Physiol 117: 565–574. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.117.2.565.
[3] Chazen O, Hartung W, Neumann Pm (1995) The different effects of PEG 6000 and NaCI on leaf development are associated with differential inhibition of root water transport. Plant, Cell Environ 18: 727–735. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00575.x.
[4] Khan S, Cao Q, Zheng YM, et al (2008) Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environ Pollut 152: 686–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.056.
[5] Xu HL, Wang R, Xu RY, et al (2003) Yield and quality of leafy vegetables grown with organic fertilizations. In: Acta Horticulturae. International Society for Horticultural Science, pp 25–33.
[6] Arasaretnam S, Kiruthika A, Mahendran T (2018) Nutritional and mineral composition of selected green leafy vegetables. Ceylon J Sci 47: 35. https://doi.org/10.4038/cjs.v47i1.7484.
[7] Ori L, Ansari A, Ramnarain YI, Ansari AA (2018) Effect of the use of vermicompost on the plant growth parameters of pak choi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) and on the soil structure in suriname mushrooms view project earthworms view project effect of the use of vermicompost on the plant growth parameters of pak choi (brassica rapa var. chinensis) and on the soil structure in suriname. Orig Res Artic J Glob Agric Ecol 8: 8–15.
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[11] Adimalla N, Li P (2019) Occurrence, health risks, and geochemical mechanisms of fluoride and nitrate in groundwater of the rock-dominant semi-arid region, Telangana State, India. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 25: 81–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1480353.
[12] Subba Rao N, Chaudhary M (2019) Hydrogeochemical processes regulating the spatial distribution of groundwater contamination, using pollution index of groundwater (PIG) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA): A case study. Groundw Sustain Dev 9: 100238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100238.
[13] Chen J, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Nie Z (2015) Improving assessment of groundwater sustainability with analytic hierarchy process and information entropy method: a case study of the Hohhot Plain, China. Environ Earth Sci 73: 2353–2363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3583-0.
[14] Bhattacharya P, Samal AC, Majumdar J, Santra SC (2010) Arsenic contamination in rice, wheat, pulses, and vegetables: A study in an arsenic affected area of West Bengal, India. Water Air Soil Pollut 213: 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0361-9.
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    Swati Singh Chandel, Amar Singh Rana, Muhammad Ibrahim. (2021). Physiological Analysis and Evaluation of Heavy Metal Contents in Leafy Vegetables and Fruits Collected from the Local Market of Prayagraj. International Journal of Statistical Distributions and Applications, 7(1), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsd.20210701.12

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    ACS Style

    Swati Singh Chandel; Amar Singh Rana; Muhammad Ibrahim. Physiological Analysis and Evaluation of Heavy Metal Contents in Leafy Vegetables and Fruits Collected from the Local Market of Prayagraj. Int. J. Stat. Distrib. Appl. 2021, 7(1), 7-12. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsd.20210701.12

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    AMA Style

    Swati Singh Chandel, Amar Singh Rana, Muhammad Ibrahim. Physiological Analysis and Evaluation of Heavy Metal Contents in Leafy Vegetables and Fruits Collected from the Local Market of Prayagraj. Int J Stat Distrib Appl. 2021;7(1):7-12. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsd.20210701.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijsd.20210701.12,
      author = {Swati Singh Chandel and Amar Singh Rana and Muhammad Ibrahim},
      title = {Physiological Analysis and Evaluation of Heavy Metal Contents in Leafy Vegetables and Fruits Collected from the Local Market of Prayagraj},
      journal = {International Journal of Statistical Distributions and Applications},
      volume = {7},
      number = {1},
      pages = {7-12},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijsd.20210701.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsd.20210701.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijsd.20210701.12},
      abstract = {The following research work has been undertaken to examine the presence of heavy metals i.e lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co) in some selected vegetables and fruits supplied in the local market. The process used to determine heavy metals is Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Iron concentration in spinach, tomato, cauliflower and lady finger showed higher ranges which were exceeding the permissible limits. Cauliflower and spinach were within the limits specified. The pH value, ascorbic concentration and moisture content significantly decreased after oven drying of vegetables and fruits. However, the Total Soluble Solids (TSS) and ash content significantly increased after oven drying as compared with fresh vegetables and fruits. The present research data revealed that the fresh and oven dried vegetables such as Spinach, Cauliflower, Lady finger and Tomato contains 0.13-1.50%, 0.25-2.32%, 0.26-2.52% and 0.19-3.13% Titratable acidity respectively. Similarly, fresh and oven dried Guava Titratable acidity was highest 0.27 and 1.92 as compared with Water melon and Mango. The reduction in acidity may be due to catabolic activities in fruit cells and increased in pH. The pH value of vegetables and fruits dropped after oven drying. Similarly, ascorbic concentration and moisture content significantly decreased after oven drying as compared to fresh vegetables and fruits. However, the Total Soluble solids (TSS) and ash content significantly increased after oven drying as compared with fresh vegetables and fruits. Overall from the following study we can conclude that vegetables and fruits were found to be contaminated by heavy toxic metals. Regular monitoring is required because these toxic metals will damage human body as well disturb our food chain. The main objective to conduct this study is to monitor the heavy metal toxicity and provide some recommendation, which in future will assure food safety and human health.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Physiological Analysis and Evaluation of Heavy Metal Contents in Leafy Vegetables and Fruits Collected from the Local Market of Prayagraj
    AU  - Swati Singh Chandel
    AU  - Amar Singh Rana
    AU  - Muhammad Ibrahim
    Y1  - 2021/03/10
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsd.20210701.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijsd.20210701.12
    T2  - International Journal of Statistical Distributions and Applications
    JF  - International Journal of Statistical Distributions and Applications
    JO  - International Journal of Statistical Distributions and Applications
    SP  - 7
    EP  - 12
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2472-3509
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsd.20210701.12
    AB  - The following research work has been undertaken to examine the presence of heavy metals i.e lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co) in some selected vegetables and fruits supplied in the local market. The process used to determine heavy metals is Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Iron concentration in spinach, tomato, cauliflower and lady finger showed higher ranges which were exceeding the permissible limits. Cauliflower and spinach were within the limits specified. The pH value, ascorbic concentration and moisture content significantly decreased after oven drying of vegetables and fruits. However, the Total Soluble Solids (TSS) and ash content significantly increased after oven drying as compared with fresh vegetables and fruits. The present research data revealed that the fresh and oven dried vegetables such as Spinach, Cauliflower, Lady finger and Tomato contains 0.13-1.50%, 0.25-2.32%, 0.26-2.52% and 0.19-3.13% Titratable acidity respectively. Similarly, fresh and oven dried Guava Titratable acidity was highest 0.27 and 1.92 as compared with Water melon and Mango. The reduction in acidity may be due to catabolic activities in fruit cells and increased in pH. The pH value of vegetables and fruits dropped after oven drying. Similarly, ascorbic concentration and moisture content significantly decreased after oven drying as compared to fresh vegetables and fruits. However, the Total Soluble solids (TSS) and ash content significantly increased after oven drying as compared with fresh vegetables and fruits. Overall from the following study we can conclude that vegetables and fruits were found to be contaminated by heavy toxic metals. Regular monitoring is required because these toxic metals will damage human body as well disturb our food chain. The main objective to conduct this study is to monitor the heavy metal toxicity and provide some recommendation, which in future will assure food safety and human health.
    VL  - 7
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Environmental Sciences, Natural Resource Management, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

  • Department of Environmental Sciences, Natural Resource Management, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

  • Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Renala Khurd, Pakistan

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