| Peer-Reviewed

Remnant Indices for Estimating Postprandial Lipidemia in Young Women

Received: 25 January 2023     Accepted: 14 February 2023     Published: 24 February 2023
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Postprandial hyperglycemia is well established as a major risk factor for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. However, for postprandial hyperlipidemia, no definitive criteria exist, and fasting values of lipids and lipoproteins had limited efficacy for estimating postprandial lipidemia. In the present study, we performed a fat-ingestion test and aimed to propose indices for estimating postprandial lipoprotein metabolism. Methods: Healthy young Japanese women (n=54, age 21.1 ± 1.0 y) with apolipoprotein E phenotype 3/3 were enrolled. They ingested fat cream (OFTT cream™, Jomo, Japan; 1 g/kg as cream, 0.35 g/kg as fat). Venous blood samples were taken before (0 h) and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h after ingestion. Results: The serum triglyceride (TG) level peaked at 2 h and returned to below baseline at 6 h. The remnant-like particle-TG (RP-TG) level increased at 1 h, peaked at 2 h, and returned to baseline at 6 h. The remnant lipoprotein-cholesterol (RLP-C) level increased at 2 h, peaked at 4 h, and returned to baseline at 6 h. The apolipoprotein B48 level increased at 1 h, peaked at 4 h, and did not return to baseline at 6 h. The apolipoprotein B100 concentration slightly decreased at 2 h and increased at 6 h. TG−RP-TG did not change during 6 h, but RP-TG/TG rose at 2–6 h compared to the fasting value. RP-TG/RLP-C increased at 2–4 h and returned to baseline at 6 h. Conclusion: After fat ingestion, while the concentration of non-remnant TG was stable, remnant TG increased. The content of TG per remnant particle increased up to 2 h and decreased from 2 h to 6 h, and the size became smaller. The remnant indices, RP-TG/TG and RP-TG/RLP-C, may be useful for estimating postprandial lipidemia.

Published in International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences (Volume 12, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231201.13
Page(s) 21-28
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Fat-Ingestion Test, Postprandial Lipidemia, Remnant, Index, Women, Apolipoprotein B48, Triglyceride

References
[1] Brunzell JD, Hazzard WR, Porte JR, Berman EL: Evidence for a common, saturable, triglyceride removal mechanism for chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins in man. J Clin Invest 1973; 52: 1578–1585.
[2] Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, Mora S, Sacks FM, Risker PM: Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. JAMA 2007; 298: 309–316.
[3] Jackson KG, Poppitt SD, Minihane AM: Postprandial lipemia and cardiovascular disease risk: Interrelationships between dietary, physiological and genetic determinants. Atherosclerosis 2012; 220: 22–33.
[4] Meyer E, Westerveld HT, de Ruyter-Meijstek FC, van Greevenbroek MMJ, etal: Abnormal postprandial apolipoprotein B-48 and triglyceride responses in normolipidemic women with greater than 70% stenotic coronary artery disease: a case-control study. Atherosclerosis 1996; 124: 221–235.
[5] Havel RJ: Postprandial hyperlipldemia and remnant lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol 1994; 5: 102–109.
[6] Patsch JR, Miesenbock G, Hopferwieser T, Muhlberger V, Knapp E, Dunn JK, Gotto AM Jr, Patsch W: Relation of triglyceride metabolism and coronary artery disease. Studies in the postprandial state. Arterioscler Thromb 1992; 12: 1336–1345.
[7] Nordestgaard BG, Benn M, Schnohr P, Tybjærg-Hansen A: Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. JAMA 2007; 298: 299–308.
[8] Langsted A, Freiberg JJ, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Schnohr P, Jensen GB, Nordestgaard BG: Nonfasting cholesterol and triglycerides and association with risk of myocardial infarction and total mortality: the Copenhagen City Heart Study with 31 years of follow-up. J Intern Med 2011; 270: 65–75.
[9] Nakajima K, Tokita Y, Sakamaki K, Shimomura Y, Kobayashi J, Kamachie K, Tanaka A, Stanhope KL, Havel PJ, Wang T, Machida T, Murakami M: Triglyceride content in remnant lipoproteins is significantly increased after food intake and is associated with plasma lipoprotein lipase. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 465: 45–52.
[10] Ferrari R, Aguiar C, Alegria E, Bonadonna RC, Cosentino F, Elisaf M, Farnier M, Ferrières J, Filardi PP, Hancu N, Kayikcioglu M, e Silva AM, Millan J, Reiner Z, Tokgozoglu L, Valensi P, Viigimaa M, Vrablik M, Zambon A, Zamorano JL, Catapano AL: Current practice in identifying and treating cardiovascular risk, with a focus on residual risk associated with atherogenic dyslipidaemia. Eur Heart J Suppl 2016; 18: C2–C12.
[11] Aguiar C, Alegria E, Bonadonna RC, Catapano AL, Cosentino F, Elisaf M, Farnier M, Ferrières J, Pasquale Filardi PP, Hancu N, Kayikcioglu M, Mello A, e Silva, Millan J, Reiner Ž, Tokgozoglu L, Valensi P, Viigimaa M, Vrablik M, Zambon A, Zamorano JL, Ferrari R: A review of the evidence on reducing macrovascular risk in patients with atherogenic dyslipidaemia: A report from an expert consensus meeting on the role of fenofibrate–statin combination therapy. Atheroscler Suppl 2015; 19: 1–12.
[12] Taskinen MR: Diabetic dyslipidaemia: from basic research to clinical practice. Diabetologia 2003; 46: 733–749.
[13] Ginsberg HN, Zhang YL, Hernandez-Ono A: Metabolic syndrome: focus on dyslipidemia. Obesity 2006; 14: 41S–49S.
[14] Adiels M, Olofsson SO, Taskinen MR, Borén J: Overproduction of very low–density lipoproteins is the hallmark of the dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28: 1225–1236.
[15] Duez H, Lamarche B, Uffelman KD, Valero R, Cohn JS, Lewis GF: Hyperinsulinemia is associated with increased production rate of intestinal apolipoprotein B-48 –containing lipoproteins in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26: 1357–1363.
[16] Lopez-Miranda J, Williams C, Lairon D: Dietary, physiological, genetic and pathological influences on postprandial lipid metabolism. Br J Nutr 2007; 98: 458–473.
[17] Asano M, Fukakura N, Odachi J, Kawaraya C, Nanba A, Yasuda N, Yamamoto E: Use of fast foods among young people. Jpn J Nutr Diet 2003; 61: 47–54. (In Japanese).
[18] Ichikawa N, Morita Y, Ootani K, Naito M: Effects of co-ingestion of amino acids with fat on postchallenge glycemia and lipidemia in healthy young women. Int J Nutr Food Sci 2022; 11: 177–186.
[19] Matthews DR, Hosker JR, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC: Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β -cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 412–419.
[20] Friedewald W, Levy R, Fredrickson D: Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972; 18: 499–502.
[21] Nakajima K, Saito T, Tamura A, Suzuki M, Nakano T, Adachi M, Tanaka A, Tada N, Nakamura H, Campos E, Havel RJ: Cholesterol in remnant-like lipoproteins in human serum using monoclonal anti apo B-100 and anti apo A-I immunoaffinity mixed gels. Clin Chim Acta 1993; 223: 53–71.
[22] Miyauchi K, Kayahara N, Ishigami M, Kuwata H, Mori H, Sugiuchi H, Irie T, Tanaka A, Yamashita S, Yamamura T: Development of a homogeneous assay to measure remnant lipoprotein cholesterol. Clin Chem 2007; 53: 2128–35.
[23] Nakatani K, Sugimoto T, Masuda D, Okano R, Oya T, Monden Y, Yamashita T, Kawase R, Nakaoka H, Inagaki M, Yuasa-Kawase M, Tsubakio-Yamamoto K, Ohama T, Nishida M, Ishigami M, Komuro I, Yamashita S: Serum apolipoprotein B-48 levels are correlated with carotid intima-media thickness in subjects with normal serum triglyceride levels. Atherosclerosis 2011; 218: 226–232.
[24] The National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan, 2019 https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/000710991.pdf
[25] Campos E, Nakajima K, Tanaka A, Havel RJ: Properties of an apolipoprotein E-enriched fraction of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins isolated from human blood plasma with a monoclonal antibody to apolipoprotein B-100. J Lipid Res 1992; 33: 369–380.
[26] Choi TC, Nordestgaard BG: Methods to study postprandial lipidemia. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2011; 9: 302–308.
[27] Saito H, Kagaya M, Suzuki M, Yoshida A, Naito M: Simultaneous ingestion of fructose and fat exacerbates postprandial exogenous lipidemia in young healthy Japanese women. J Atheroscler Thromb 2013; 20: 591–600.
[28] Sato I, Ishikawa Y, Ishimoto A, Katsura S, Toyokawa A, Hayashi F, Kawano S, Fujioka Y, Yamashita S, Kumagai S: Significance of measuring serum concentrations of remnant lipoproteins and apolipoprotein B-48 in fasting period. J Atheroscler Thromb 2009; 16: 12–20.
[29] Yoshida H, Kurosawa H, Hirowatari Y, Ogura Y, Ikewaki K, Abe I, Saikawa S, Domitsu K, Ito K, Yanai H, Tada N: Characteristic comparison of triglyceride-rich remnant lipoprotein measurement between a new homogenous assay (RemL-C) and a conventional immunoseparation method (RLP-C). Lipids Health Dis 2008; 7: 18.
[30] Hashimoto S, Ootani K, Hayashi S, Naito M: Acute effects of shortly pre- versus postprandial aerobic exercise on postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in healthy but sedentary young women. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18: 891–900.
[31] Hashimoto S, Mizutani E, Suzuki M, Yoshida A, Naito M: Effects of aerobic exercise on postprandial carbohydrate and lipoprotein metabolism following cookie ingestion in healthy young women. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 2015; 61: 299–305.
[32] Iijima C, Kuzawa K, Mizutani E, Naito M: Effects of pre- vs. postchallenge aerobic exercise on lipidemia induced by the ingestion of fructose with fat, in healthy young women. Int J Nutr Diet 2022; 8: 1–14.
[33] Hsieh J, Hayashi AA, Webb J, Adeli K: Postprandial dyslipidemia in insulin resistance: mechanisms and role of intestinal insulin sensitivity. Atheroscler Suppl 2008; 9: 7–13.
[34] Hultin M, Savonen R, Olivecrona T: Chylomicron metabolism in rats: lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling. J Lipid Res 1996; 37: 1022–1036.
[35] Welty FK, Lichtenstein AH, Barrett HR, Dolnikowski GG, Schaefer EJ: Human apolipoprotein (Apo) B-48 and ApoB-100 kinetics with stable isotopes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19: 2966–2974.
[36] LaRosa JC: Triglycerides and coronary risk in women and the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 1997; 157: 961–968.
[37] McNamara JR, Shah PK, Nakajima K, Cupples LA, Wilson PWF, Ordovasc JM, Schaefer EJ: Remnant-like particle (RLP) cholesterol is an independent cardiovascular disease risk factor in women: results from the Framingham Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 2001; 154: 229–236.
[38] Mekki N, Christofilis MA, Charbonnier M, Atlan-Gepner C, Defoort C, Borel CJP, Portugal H, Pauli AM, Vialettes B, Lairon D: Influence of obesity and body fat distribution on postprandial lipemia and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in adult women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 184–191.
[39] Ryu JE, Craven TE, MacArthur RD, Hinson WH, Bond MG, Hagaman AP, J R Crouse JR III: Relationship of intraabdominal fat as measured by magnetic resonance imaging to postprandial lipemia in middle-aged subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60: 586–591.
[40] Couillard C, Bergeron N, Prud’homme D, Bergeron J, Tremblay A, Bouchard C, Mauriège P, Després JP; Postprandial triglyceride response in visceral obesity in men. Diabetes 1998; 47: 953–960.
[41] Halkes, CJM; Cabezas MC; van Wijk JPH; Erkelens DW: Gender differences in diurnal triglyceridemia in lean and overweight subjects. Int J Obes 2001; 25-1767–1774.
[42] Dubois C, Beaumier G, Juhel C, Armand M, Portugal H, Pauli AM, Borel P, Latgé C, Lairon D: Effects of graded amounts (0–50 g) of dietary fat on postprandial lipemia and lipoproteins in normolipidemic adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67: 31–38.
[43] Fullerton SM, Clark AG, Weiss KM, Nickerson DA, Taylor SL, Stengård JH, Salomaa V, Vartiainen E, Perola M, Boerwinkle E, Sing CF: Apolipoprotein E variation at the sequence haplotype level: implications for the origin and maintenance of a major human polymorphism. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67: 881–900.
[44] Sano R, Abe R, Oikawa S, Fujii Y, Hori S, Suzuki N, Toyota T, Goto Y: Apolipoprotein E phenotypes of normo- and hyperlipoproteinemia in Japanese. Tohoku J Exp Med 1988; 154: 297–303.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Erika Mizutani-Watanabe, Michitaka Naito. (2023). Remnant Indices for Estimating Postprandial Lipidemia in Young Women. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 12(1), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231201.13

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Erika Mizutani-Watanabe; Michitaka Naito. Remnant Indices for Estimating Postprandial Lipidemia in Young Women. Int. J. Nutr. Food Sci. 2023, 12(1), 21-28. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231201.13

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Erika Mizutani-Watanabe, Michitaka Naito. Remnant Indices for Estimating Postprandial Lipidemia in Young Women. Int J Nutr Food Sci. 2023;12(1):21-28. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231201.13

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231201.13,
      author = {Erika Mizutani-Watanabe and Michitaka Naito},
      title = {Remnant Indices for Estimating Postprandial Lipidemia in Young Women},
      journal = {International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences},
      volume = {12},
      number = {1},
      pages = {21-28},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231201.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231201.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijnfs.20231201.13},
      abstract = {Postprandial hyperglycemia is well established as a major risk factor for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. However, for postprandial hyperlipidemia, no definitive criteria exist, and fasting values of lipids and lipoproteins had limited efficacy for estimating postprandial lipidemia. In the present study, we performed a fat-ingestion test and aimed to propose indices for estimating postprandial lipoprotein metabolism. Methods: Healthy young Japanese women (n=54, age 21.1 ± 1.0 y) with apolipoprotein E phenotype 3/3 were enrolled. They ingested fat cream (OFTT cream™, Jomo, Japan; 1 g/kg as cream, 0.35 g/kg as fat). Venous blood samples were taken before (0 h) and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h after ingestion. Results: The serum triglyceride (TG) level peaked at 2 h and returned to below baseline at 6 h. The remnant-like particle-TG (RP-TG) level increased at 1 h, peaked at 2 h, and returned to baseline at 6 h. The remnant lipoprotein-cholesterol (RLP-C) level increased at 2 h, peaked at 4 h, and returned to baseline at 6 h. The apolipoprotein B48 level increased at 1 h, peaked at 4 h, and did not return to baseline at 6 h. The apolipoprotein B100 concentration slightly decreased at 2 h and increased at 6 h. TG−RP-TG did not change during 6 h, but RP-TG/TG rose at 2–6 h compared to the fasting value. RP-TG/RLP-C increased at 2–4 h and returned to baseline at 6 h. Conclusion: After fat ingestion, while the concentration of non-remnant TG was stable, remnant TG increased. The content of TG per remnant particle increased up to 2 h and decreased from 2 h to 6 h, and the size became smaller. The remnant indices, RP-TG/TG and RP-TG/RLP-C, may be useful for estimating postprandial lipidemia.},
     year = {2023}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Remnant Indices for Estimating Postprandial Lipidemia in Young Women
    AU  - Erika Mizutani-Watanabe
    AU  - Michitaka Naito
    Y1  - 2023/02/24
    PY  - 2023
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231201.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231201.13
    T2  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
    JF  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
    JO  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
    SP  - 21
    EP  - 28
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2327-2716
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231201.13
    AB  - Postprandial hyperglycemia is well established as a major risk factor for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. However, for postprandial hyperlipidemia, no definitive criteria exist, and fasting values of lipids and lipoproteins had limited efficacy for estimating postprandial lipidemia. In the present study, we performed a fat-ingestion test and aimed to propose indices for estimating postprandial lipoprotein metabolism. Methods: Healthy young Japanese women (n=54, age 21.1 ± 1.0 y) with apolipoprotein E phenotype 3/3 were enrolled. They ingested fat cream (OFTT cream™, Jomo, Japan; 1 g/kg as cream, 0.35 g/kg as fat). Venous blood samples were taken before (0 h) and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h after ingestion. Results: The serum triglyceride (TG) level peaked at 2 h and returned to below baseline at 6 h. The remnant-like particle-TG (RP-TG) level increased at 1 h, peaked at 2 h, and returned to baseline at 6 h. The remnant lipoprotein-cholesterol (RLP-C) level increased at 2 h, peaked at 4 h, and returned to baseline at 6 h. The apolipoprotein B48 level increased at 1 h, peaked at 4 h, and did not return to baseline at 6 h. The apolipoprotein B100 concentration slightly decreased at 2 h and increased at 6 h. TG−RP-TG did not change during 6 h, but RP-TG/TG rose at 2–6 h compared to the fasting value. RP-TG/RLP-C increased at 2–4 h and returned to baseline at 6 h. Conclusion: After fat ingestion, while the concentration of non-remnant TG was stable, remnant TG increased. The content of TG per remnant particle increased up to 2 h and decreased from 2 h to 6 h, and the size became smaller. The remnant indices, RP-TG/TG and RP-TG/RLP-C, may be useful for estimating postprandial lipidemia.
    VL  - 12
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Division of Nutrition & Health, School & Graduate School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, Nagoya, Japan

  • Division of Nutrition & Health, School & Graduate School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, Nagoya, Japan

  • Sections