| Peer-Reviewed

Prevalence of Highly Multi-Drug Resistant Salmonella Fecal Carriage Among Food Handlers in Lower Basic Schools in The Gambia

Received: 6 December 2016     Accepted: 26 December 2016     Published: 23 January 2017
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Background: Salmonella spp are among the most common food borne pathogens. Food handlers play an important role in the production of food products, in which they can contribute to the transmission of salmonellosis. The probability of food contamination depends mainly on the health status and personal hygiene of the food handlers and their choice of managing their health could give rise to contamination of food by multi drug resistant bacteria. Multi Drug Resistance is of global concern and poses a public health threat in combating diseases. In the developing countries there is paucity on the prevalence of salmonella carriage among food handlers. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of salmonella and to determine their antimicrobial resistance pattern. Method: A total of 500 stool samples from different food handlers were collected and analyzed with completed questionnaires. For standard isolation and identification of salmonella isolates; stool samples were enriched in buffered peptone water, standard culture and biochemical tests were used. Antimicrobial susceptibility Test (AST) was carried out using Clinical Laboratory and Standard Institute (CLSI-2015) protocol disc diffusion method. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 and Microsoft excel version 2010 to determine the risk factors. Results: Of 500 participants with the mean age of 38.15, 497(99.4%) were all females. Most of the participants wash their hands under running water and 271(54.2%) were certified on food handling. Among the risk factors, consuming medicines/antibiotics from street vendors showed statistical significant of salmonella carriage with (P=0.011). It was found that 13(2.6%) were salmonella carriers. AST performed on the 13 isolates show that; 13(100%), 12(92.3%), 7(53.8%), 9(69.2%) and 9(69.2%) were resistant to Ampicillin, Erythromycin, and Tetracycline, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime respectively. And 13(100%), 12(92.3%) and 7(53.8) were sensitive to Imipenem, chloramphenicol and gentamycin respectively. Conclusion: This study had found multidrug resistant salmonella isolates carriers amongst food handlers who could serve as potential reservoirs for the transmission of these infections in the communities. Thus, it is crucial to implement regular screening of food handlers and health education on food safety.

Published in International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences (Volume 6, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20170601.17
Page(s) 39-44
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test, Food handlers, Salmonella, The Gambia

References
[1] J. Im, C. Nichols, M. Bjerregaard-Andersen, A. G. Sow, S. Løfberg, A. Tall, G. D. Pak, P. Aaby, S. Baker, J. D. Clemens, L. M. C. Espinoza, F. Konings, J. May, M. Monteiro, A. Niang, U. Panzner, S. E. Park, H. Schütt-Gerowitt, T. F. Wierzba, F. Marks, and V. Von Kalckreuth, “Prevalence of Salmonella Excretion in Stool: A Community Survey in 2 Sites, Guinea-Bissau and Senegal,” Clin. Infect. Dis., vol. 62, no. Suppl 1, pp. s50–s55, 2016.
[2] M. M. Gwida and M. A. M. Al-Ashmawy, “Culture versus PCR for salmonella species identification in some dairy products and dairy handlers with special concern to its zoonotic importance,” Vet. Med. Int., vol. 2014, 2014.
[3] R. S. Hendriksen, A. R. Vieira, S. Karlsmose, D. M. a Lo Fo Wong, A. B. Jensen, H. C. Wegener, and F. M. Aarestrup, “Global monitoring of Salmonella serovar distribution from the World Health Organization Global Foodborne Infections Network Country Data Bank: results of quality assured laboratories from 2001 to 2007.,” Foodborne Pathog. Dis., vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 887–900, 2011.
[4] N. A. Feasey, G. Dougan, R. A. Kingsley, R. S. Heyderman, and M. A. Gordon, “Invasive non-typhoidal salmonella disease: An emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa,” Lancet, vol. 379, no. 9835, pp. 2489–2499, 2012.
[5] B. Kwambana-Adams, S. Darboe, H. Nabwera, E. Foster-Nyarko, U. N. Ikumapayi, O. Secka, M. Betts, R. Bradbury, R. Wegmüller, B. Lawal, D. Saha, M. J. Hossain, A. M. Prentice, B. Kampmann, S. Anderson, U. Dalessandro, and M. Antonio, “Salmonella infections in The Gambia, 2005-2015,” Clin. Infect. Dis., vol. 61, no. Suppl 4, pp. S354–S362, 2015.
[6] F. Getnet, S. Gebre-selassie, H. Alemayehu, T. Kassa, and N. Kebede, “Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolated from Food Handlers in Addis Ababa University Students ’ Cafeteria, Ethiopia,” vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 210–216, 2014.
[7] B. Abera, G. Yitayew, and H. Amare, “Salmonella serotypetyphi, shigella, and intestinal parasites among food handlers at bahir dar university, Ethiopia,” J. Infect. Dev. Ctries., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 121–126, 2016.
[8] J. M. M. Diagn, O. Jo, A. Oc, and A. Aa, “Medical Microbiology & Diagnosis Prevalence of Salmonellosis among Food Handlers and the Health Implications on the Food Consumers in Lagos State, Nigeria,” vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 4–8, 2015.
[9] A. H. Havelaar, M. D. Kirk, P. R. Torgerson, H. J. Gibb, T. Hald, R. J. Lake, N. Praet, D. C. Bellinger, and N. R. De Silva, “World Health Organization Global Estimates and Regional Comparisons of the Burden of Foodborne Disease in 2010,” pp. 1–23, 2015.
[10] L. Garedew-Kifelew, N. Wondafrash, and A. Feleke, “Identification of drug-resistant Salmonella from food handlers at the University of Gondar, Ethiopia.,” BMC Res. Notes, vol. 7, p. 545, 2014.
[11] M. Birhaneselassie and D. Williams, “A study of salmonella carriage among asymptomatic food-handlers in southern Ethiopia,” vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 243–245, 2013.
[12] O. M. David and A. O. Oluyege, “Antibiotic resistance and plasmid carriage among Salmonella typhi isolated from food and hand of food handlers in a Nigeria university.,” Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 906–914, 2015.
[13] M. Abdel-dayem, R. Al, R. Bani, and Z. Sami, “Microbiological and parasitological investigation among food handlers in hotels in the Dead Sea area, Jordan,” J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect., vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 377–380, 2014.
[14] A. Gebreyesus, K. Adane, L. Negash, and T. Asmelash, “Prevalence of Salmonella typhi and intestinal parasites among food handlers in Mekelle University student cafeteria, Mekelle, Ethiopia,” Food Control, vol. 44, pp. 45–48, 2014.
[15] E. Carrasco, A. Morales-Rueda, and R. M. García-Gimeno, “Cross-contamination and recontamination by Salmonella in foods: A review,” Food Res. Int., vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 545–556, 2012.
[16] S. Testing, M100-S24 Performance Standards for Antimicrobial, no. January. 2015.
[17] T. R. Siddiqui, S. Bibi, M. A. Mustufa, S. M. Ayaz, and A. Khan, “High prevalence of typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars excreting food handlers in Karachi-Pakistan: A probable factor for regional typhoid endemicity,” J. Heal. Popul. Nutr., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2015.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Abou Kebbeh, Bryan Anderson, Haruna S. Jallow, Olliemattou Sagnia, Joseph Mendy, et al. (2017). Prevalence of Highly Multi-Drug Resistant Salmonella Fecal Carriage Among Food Handlers in Lower Basic Schools in The Gambia. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 6(1), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20170601.17

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Abou Kebbeh; Bryan Anderson; Haruna S. Jallow; Olliemattou Sagnia; Joseph Mendy, et al. Prevalence of Highly Multi-Drug Resistant Salmonella Fecal Carriage Among Food Handlers in Lower Basic Schools in The Gambia. Int. J. Nutr. Food Sci. 2017, 6(1), 39-44. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20170601.17

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Abou Kebbeh, Bryan Anderson, Haruna S. Jallow, Olliemattou Sagnia, Joseph Mendy, et al. Prevalence of Highly Multi-Drug Resistant Salmonella Fecal Carriage Among Food Handlers in Lower Basic Schools in The Gambia. Int J Nutr Food Sci. 2017;6(1):39-44. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20170601.17

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijnfs.20170601.17,
      author = {Abou Kebbeh and Bryan Anderson and Haruna S. Jallow and Olliemattou Sagnia and Joseph Mendy and Yaya Camara and Saffiatou Darboe and Sana M. Sambou and Ignatious Baldeh and Bakary Sanneh},
      title = {Prevalence of Highly Multi-Drug Resistant Salmonella Fecal Carriage Among Food Handlers in Lower Basic Schools in The Gambia},
      journal = {International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences},
      volume = {6},
      number = {1},
      pages = {39-44},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijnfs.20170601.17},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20170601.17},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijnfs.20170601.17},
      abstract = {Background: Salmonella spp are among the most common food borne pathogens. Food handlers play an important role in the production of food products, in which they can contribute to the transmission of salmonellosis. The probability of food contamination depends mainly on the health status and personal hygiene of the food handlers and their choice of managing their health could give rise to contamination of food by multi drug resistant bacteria. Multi Drug Resistance is of global concern and poses a public health threat in combating diseases. In the developing countries there is paucity on the prevalence of salmonella carriage among food handlers. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of salmonella and to determine their antimicrobial resistance pattern. Method: A total of 500 stool samples from different food handlers were collected and analyzed with completed questionnaires. For standard isolation and identification of salmonella isolates; stool samples were enriched in buffered peptone water, standard culture and biochemical tests were used. Antimicrobial susceptibility Test (AST) was carried out using Clinical Laboratory and Standard Institute (CLSI-2015) protocol disc diffusion method. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 and Microsoft excel version 2010 to determine the risk factors. Results: Of 500 participants with the mean age of 38.15, 497(99.4%) were all females. Most of the participants wash their hands under running water and 271(54.2%) were certified on food handling. Among the risk factors, consuming medicines/antibiotics from street vendors showed statistical significant of salmonella carriage with (P=0.011). It was found that 13(2.6%) were salmonella carriers. AST performed on the 13 isolates show that; 13(100%), 12(92.3%), 7(53.8%), 9(69.2%) and 9(69.2%) were resistant to Ampicillin, Erythromycin, and Tetracycline, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime respectively. And 13(100%), 12(92.3%) and 7(53.8) were sensitive to Imipenem, chloramphenicol and gentamycin respectively. Conclusion: This study had found multidrug resistant salmonella isolates carriers amongst food handlers who could serve as potential reservoirs for the transmission of these infections in the communities. Thus, it is crucial to implement regular screening of food handlers and health education on food safety.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Prevalence of Highly Multi-Drug Resistant Salmonella Fecal Carriage Among Food Handlers in Lower Basic Schools in The Gambia
    AU  - Abou Kebbeh
    AU  - Bryan Anderson
    AU  - Haruna S. Jallow
    AU  - Olliemattou Sagnia
    AU  - Joseph Mendy
    AU  - Yaya Camara
    AU  - Saffiatou Darboe
    AU  - Sana M. Sambou
    AU  - Ignatious Baldeh
    AU  - Bakary Sanneh
    Y1  - 2017/01/23
    PY  - 2017
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20170601.17
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20170601.17
    T2  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
    JF  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
    JO  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
    SP  - 39
    EP  - 44
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2327-2716
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20170601.17
    AB  - Background: Salmonella spp are among the most common food borne pathogens. Food handlers play an important role in the production of food products, in which they can contribute to the transmission of salmonellosis. The probability of food contamination depends mainly on the health status and personal hygiene of the food handlers and their choice of managing their health could give rise to contamination of food by multi drug resistant bacteria. Multi Drug Resistance is of global concern and poses a public health threat in combating diseases. In the developing countries there is paucity on the prevalence of salmonella carriage among food handlers. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of salmonella and to determine their antimicrobial resistance pattern. Method: A total of 500 stool samples from different food handlers were collected and analyzed with completed questionnaires. For standard isolation and identification of salmonella isolates; stool samples were enriched in buffered peptone water, standard culture and biochemical tests were used. Antimicrobial susceptibility Test (AST) was carried out using Clinical Laboratory and Standard Institute (CLSI-2015) protocol disc diffusion method. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 and Microsoft excel version 2010 to determine the risk factors. Results: Of 500 participants with the mean age of 38.15, 497(99.4%) were all females. Most of the participants wash their hands under running water and 271(54.2%) were certified on food handling. Among the risk factors, consuming medicines/antibiotics from street vendors showed statistical significant of salmonella carriage with (P=0.011). It was found that 13(2.6%) were salmonella carriers. AST performed on the 13 isolates show that; 13(100%), 12(92.3%), 7(53.8%), 9(69.2%) and 9(69.2%) were resistant to Ampicillin, Erythromycin, and Tetracycline, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime respectively. And 13(100%), 12(92.3%) and 7(53.8) were sensitive to Imipenem, chloramphenicol and gentamycin respectively. Conclusion: This study had found multidrug resistant salmonella isolates carriers amongst food handlers who could serve as potential reservoirs for the transmission of these infections in the communities. Thus, it is crucial to implement regular screening of food handlers and health education on food safety.
    VL  - 6
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Kotu Layout, Kotu, The Gambia

  • College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa, United States of America

  • National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Kotu Layout, Kotu, The Gambia

  • National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Kotu Layout, Kotu, The Gambia

  • National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Kotu Layout, Kotu, The Gambia

  • Epidemiology and Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Kotu Layout, Kotu, The Gambia

  • Department of Microbiology, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia

  • Epidemiology and Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Kotu Layout, Kotu, The Gambia

  • National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Kotu Layout, Kotu, The Gambia

  • National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Kotu Layout, Kotu, The Gambia

  • Sections