| Peer-Reviewed

Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Soil Using Modified BCR Sequential Extraction

Received: 7 September 2017     Accepted: 22 September 2017     Published: 23 October 2017
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Recent studies have shown that strong acid digestions for the determination of heavy metals in soils and sediments can be misleading when assessing environmental effects. Therefore, this study adopted the use of modified community bureau of reference (BCR) sequential extraction scheme in order to overcome the limitation. The physicochemical properties of the soil such as pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and soil organic matter (SOM) were determined. The pH, CEC and SOM were found to be 5.90, 0.0023 cmol/kg and 99.8% respectively. The concentrations of the heavy metals in the solution were also measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Pseudo total metal content in the soil (aqua-reqia digestions) for cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, zinc and copper were 0.12, 0.74, 0.48, 0.26, 15.9 and 11.0 mg/kg respectively. These concentrations are within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit in agricultural soils. The heavy metals were partitioned into four fractions (exchangeable, reducible, oxidizable and residual fractions) in the soil using modified BCR sequential extraction. Cd, Zn and Cu were predominantly in the first two fractions, thus, mobile and bioavailable for plant uptake, while Pb, Cr and Ni were found in the last two fractions (less mobile and immobile residual fractions). Thus, Cd, Zn and Cu may pose high environmental risk. The results indicate the reliability of the Modified BCR scheme in risk assessment of heavy metals in soils.

Published in International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy (Volume 2, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijmpem.20170205.13
Page(s) 79-82
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Heavy Metal, Modified BCR Sequential Extraction, Soil Pollution, Bioavailability, Metal Partitioning

References
[1] Singh, B. R. Soil contamination and pollution for assessment of soil degradation. Soil Pollution and Contamination. 1997:1:279-299.
[2] Kukreja, R. Causes and effects of soil pollution. Conserve energy future (CEF). 2015:1.
[3] Kabata-Pendias, A. and Pendias, H. Trace Metals in Soils and Plants, CRC Press, 2nd edition Boca Raton, Fla, USA. 2001:19.
[4] Weber, J. and Karkzewska, A. Biogeochemical processes and the role of heavy metals in the soil environment. Geoderma. 2004:122:143-149.
[5] Manouchehri, N. Nguyen, T. M. L. Basancon, S. Le, L. A. and Bermond, A. Use of sequential, single and kinetic extractive schemes to assess Cd and Pb availability in Vietnamese urban soils. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2014:5:1214-1227.
[6] Okoro, H. K. Fatoki, O. S. Adekola, F. A. Ximba, B. J. Snyman, R. G. A Review of Sequential Extraction Procedures for Heavy Metals Speciation in Soil and Sediments. Open Access Scientific Reports. 2012:1:181.
[7] Li, Q. Soil remediation, metal leaching from contaminated soil through the modified BCR sequential extraction procedure. Master’s Thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology. Sweden. 2012:p5.
[8] Sungur, A. Soylak, M. and Ozcan, H. Investigation of heavy metals mobility and availability by the BCR sequential extraction procedure: relationship between soil properties and heavy metals availability. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability. 2014:26 (4):219-230.
[9] Wang, J. Xia, J. Feng, and X. Screening of chelating ligands to enhance mercury accumulation from historically mercury-contaminated soils for phytoextraction, Journal of Environmental Management. 2017:186(2):233-239.
[10] Matong, J. M. Nyaba, L. andNomngongo, P. N. Fractionation of trace elements in agricultural soils using ultrasound assisted sequential extraction prior to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric determination. Chemosphere. 2016:154:249-257.
[11] Dalmacija, M. B. Prica, M. D. Dalmacija, B. D. Roncevic, S. D. andRajic, L. M. Correlation between the results of sequential extraction and effectiveness of immobilization treatment of lead and cadmium-contaminated sediment. Scientific World Journal. 2010:10: 1-19.
[12] Wali, A. Collinet, G. and Mohamed, K. Speciation of heavy metals by modified BCR sequential extraction in soils contaminated by phosphoypsum in sfax, Tunisia. Env Research Eng. and Management. 2014:4(70):14-26.
[13] Cuong, D. and Obbard, J. F. Metal speciation in coastal marine sediments from Singapore using a modified BCR sequential extraction procedure. Applied geochemistry. 2006:21:1335-1346.
[14] Jena, V. Gupta, S. Singh, R. Matic, N. Franciscovic, S. and Devic, N. Determination of total heavy metal by sequential extraction from soil. Int. Journal of Research in Env. Sci. and Tech. 2013:3(1): 35-38.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Hafsat Tukur Rumah, Labaran Salihu, Baba Bukar Alhaji. (2017). Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Soil Using Modified BCR Sequential Extraction. International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2(5), 79-82. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20170205.13

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Hafsat Tukur Rumah; Labaran Salihu; Baba Bukar Alhaji. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Soil Using Modified BCR Sequential Extraction. Int. J. Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. 2017, 2(5), 79-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmpem.20170205.13

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Hafsat Tukur Rumah, Labaran Salihu, Baba Bukar Alhaji. Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Soil Using Modified BCR Sequential Extraction. Int J Miner Process Extr Metall. 2017;2(5):79-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmpem.20170205.13

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijmpem.20170205.13,
      author = {Hafsat Tukur Rumah and Labaran Salihu and Baba Bukar Alhaji},
      title = {Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Soil Using Modified BCR Sequential Extraction},
      journal = {International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy},
      volume = {2},
      number = {5},
      pages = {79-82},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijmpem.20170205.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20170205.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmpem.20170205.13},
      abstract = {Recent studies have shown that strong acid digestions for the determination of heavy metals in soils and sediments can be misleading when assessing environmental effects. Therefore, this study adopted the use of modified community bureau of reference (BCR) sequential extraction scheme in order to overcome the limitation. The physicochemical properties of the soil such as pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and soil organic matter (SOM) were determined. The pH, CEC and SOM were found to be 5.90, 0.0023 cmol/kg and 99.8% respectively. The concentrations of the heavy metals in the solution were also measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Pseudo total metal content in the soil (aqua-reqia digestions) for cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, zinc and copper were 0.12, 0.74, 0.48, 0.26, 15.9 and 11.0 mg/kg respectively. These concentrations are within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit in agricultural soils. The heavy metals were partitioned into four fractions (exchangeable, reducible, oxidizable and residual fractions) in the soil using modified BCR sequential extraction. Cd, Zn and Cu were predominantly in the first two fractions, thus, mobile and bioavailable for plant uptake, while Pb, Cr and Ni were found in the last two fractions (less mobile and immobile residual fractions). Thus, Cd, Zn and Cu may pose high environmental risk. The results indicate the reliability of the Modified BCR scheme in risk assessment of heavy metals in soils.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Soil Using Modified BCR Sequential Extraction
    AU  - Hafsat Tukur Rumah
    AU  - Labaran Salihu
    AU  - Baba Bukar Alhaji
    Y1  - 2017/10/23
    PY  - 2017
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20170205.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmpem.20170205.13
    T2  - International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy
    JF  - International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy
    JO  - International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy
    SP  - 79
    EP  - 82
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-1859
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20170205.13
    AB  - Recent studies have shown that strong acid digestions for the determination of heavy metals in soils and sediments can be misleading when assessing environmental effects. Therefore, this study adopted the use of modified community bureau of reference (BCR) sequential extraction scheme in order to overcome the limitation. The physicochemical properties of the soil such as pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and soil organic matter (SOM) were determined. The pH, CEC and SOM were found to be 5.90, 0.0023 cmol/kg and 99.8% respectively. The concentrations of the heavy metals in the solution were also measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Pseudo total metal content in the soil (aqua-reqia digestions) for cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, zinc and copper were 0.12, 0.74, 0.48, 0.26, 15.9 and 11.0 mg/kg respectively. These concentrations are within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit in agricultural soils. The heavy metals were partitioned into four fractions (exchangeable, reducible, oxidizable and residual fractions) in the soil using modified BCR sequential extraction. Cd, Zn and Cu were predominantly in the first two fractions, thus, mobile and bioavailable for plant uptake, while Pb, Cr and Ni were found in the last two fractions (less mobile and immobile residual fractions). Thus, Cd, Zn and Cu may pose high environmental risk. The results indicate the reliability of the Modified BCR scheme in risk assessment of heavy metals in soils.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Chemistry, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria

  • Department of Chemistry, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria

  • Department of Mathematics, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria

  • Sections