Review Article
Metallurgical Molybdenum and Its Derivative Materials: From Traditional Alloys to Two-Dimensional Functional Systems
Zhenhua Liu,
Shuai Ji*
,
Quanyin Meng
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
44-56
Received:
18 June 2026
Accepted:
30 June 2026
Published:
22 July 2026
Abstract: Molybdenum, a rare metal of exceptional strategic importance, is widely utilized in critical sectors such as the nuclear industry, aerospace, and electronics due to its outstanding properties. In recent years, growing global demand for molybdenum and its derivative materials has led to a persistent supply-demand gap in the industry, prompting domestic manufacturers to transition toward developing advanced molybdenum-based new materials. (Delete this sentence) This review systematically examines the types and properties of common molybdenum alloys, the fundamental characteristics of molybdenum disulfide, and the principles of mainstream preparation methods including powder metallurgy and additive manufacturing, while highlighting the applications of molybdenum derivatives across various fields. Additionally, it explores strategies for high-quality development in the molybdenum-based materials sector from three perspectives—material composition, integrated innovation in advanced fabrication processes, and industrialization of two-dimensional molybdenum-based materials—and outlines future trends. The study aims to provide theoretical foundations for fundamental research, technological advancement, and practical applications of molybdenum-based materials. (Molybdenum, a strategically important rare metal, occupies an irreplaceable position in high-end fields such as nuclear industry, aerospace, and electronics, owing to its high melting point, excellent high-temperature strength, good thermal and electrical conductivity, and corrosion resistance. With the global energy transition and upgrading of advanced manufacturing, the supply-demand gap for molybdenum materials has become increasingly prominent, and China’s molybdenum industry is shifting from resource export to high-end material manufacturing. This review systematically summarizes the research progress of molybdenum-based materials from traditional alloys to two-dimensional functional systems. First, the compositions, properties, and limitations of five commonly used molybdenum alloys—TZM, Mo-Re, Mo-W, Mo-Cu, and Mo-La2O3—are outlined. Second, the principles, advantages, and existing challenges of mainstream fabrication routes are elaborated, including powder metallurgy (mechanical alloying, isostatic pressing, powder injection molding, spark plasma sintering, and liquid-phase sintering) and additive manufacturing (electron beam selective melting and laser powder bed fusion). Third, taking molybdenum disulfide as a representative, the layered crystal structure of molybdenum-based ceramic materials and their application potential and challenges in electronic devices, optoelectronic sensing, and biomedical detection are analyzed. Furthermore, this review proposes development strategies for the high-quality advancement of the molybdenum-based materials industry from three perspectives—precise alloy composition design, integrated innovation of advanced preparation processes, and industrialization of two-dimensional molybdenum-based materials—and provides an outlook on future trends. This review aims to offer systematic theoretical references for fundamental research, technological development, and engineering applications of molybdenum-based materials, thereby promoting the high-value-added utilization of molybdenum resources and the self-reliance of the industrial chain in China).
Abstract: Molybdenum, a rare metal of exceptional strategic importance, is widely utilized in critical sectors such as the nuclear industry, aerospace, and electronics due to its outstanding properties. In recent years, growing global demand for molybdenum and its derivative materials has led to a persistent supply-demand gap in the industry, prompting domes...
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Research Article
Ore Composition of Lege Worke - Dasu Blocks of Iron Mineralization, Northern Ethiopia
Belayneh Digafe Tulu*
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
57-67
Received:
24 May 2026
Accepted:
1 July 2026
Published:
22 July 2026
Abstract: Iron existed in the form of oxides and also, it is mostly abundant as well as the dominant resource of the Earth for the constrictive industries of the world. The iron ore mineralogy of iron is mainly concentrated as hematite, goethite and magnetite oxides minerals. Beside those oxides the siderite, illmenite and many other are common iron ores. The Lege Worke -Dasu blocks of iron found in the Northern and northwestern part of Ethiopian plateau. This research study holds the main objective of determining the mineralogical composition and mineral assemblage of the iron ore mineralization of the Lege Worke - Dasu blocks. The geological field work with lithological mapping, reflected microscope (ore) petrographic study, mineralogical study using (XRD), and geochemistry of major and other elements were the most applied methodologies for this study. The mineralogical study of the Lege Worke - Dasu iron mineralization result shows that the iron ore body samples were characterized in terms of their mineralogical composition. The outcome result indicates that the ore body consists mainly hematite and goethite iron ore minerals are the dominant compositions documented from the polished section and XRD result. The outcome results of analyzed chemistry and ore study from the polished section studies are shows that the layered (laminated) and pisolitic textures of hematite ore, goethite ore compositions are the main outcomes of this research study. In addition to those ore mineralogy kaolinite gangue, anatase minerals are common constituents including quartz as a gangue mineral. Major oxide analyses for systematically selected samples were characterized by SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 and others. The whole rock chemistry of iron ore and surrounding rock of Lege Worke - Dasu blocks of iron mineralization were used to determine the iron mechanism of the current research area.
Abstract: Iron existed in the form of oxides and also, it is mostly abundant as well as the dominant resource of the Earth for the constrictive industries of the world. The iron ore mineralogy of iron is mainly concentrated as hematite, goethite and magnetite oxides minerals. Beside those oxides the siderite, illmenite and many other are common iron ores. Th...
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Research Article
Investigation of Stress Redistribution Within the Host Rock Mass During Underground Mining Operations
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
68-74
Received:
4 September 2026
Accepted:
11 September 2026
Published:
20 September 2026
Abstract: The article presents the results of a systematic investigation of stress redistribution and the formation of stress concentration and relaxation zones in the rock mass surrounding underground mine workings under the influence of mining operations. The study was conducted considering the geological and geomechanical conditions of an underground mining operation, with particular emphasis on the changes in the stress–strain state of the rock mass caused by excavation. A mathematical model was developed to describe the stress–strain behavior of the rock mass, with mining depth, vertical and horizontal in-situ stresses, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio adopted as the principal input parameters. The research methodology is based on analytical calculations, geomechanical modeling, and comparative analysis of the obtained results. The proposed approach makes it possible to quantitatively evaluate the spatial redistribution of stresses and identify areas characterized by increased stress concentration and stress relaxation. The modeling results demonstrate that mining operations cause significant redistribution of the initial stress field, resulting in the formation of localized zones of increased compressive stress around the excavation boundaries. Particular attention was given to the development of tensile-stress-affected zones above the excavation roof. A zone extending approximately 20–30 m above the roof was identified, indicating a potential area of increased rock fracturing and activation of pre-existing discontinuities. The values of the relaxation coefficient were determined and justified based on the specific geological and geomechanical conditions of the mine. The proposed model also allows the regularities governing the formation and spatial development of stress concentration and relaxation zones to be assessed. The obtained results provide a scientific and practical basis for quantitatively assessing mining-induced stress redistribution and improving the geomechanical justification of underground excavation stability and support parameters
Abstract: The article presents the results of a systematic investigation of stress redistribution and the formation of stress concentration and relaxation zones in the rock mass surrounding underground mine workings under the influence of mining operations. The study was conducted considering the geological and geomechanical conditions of an underground mini...
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