Journals

Journals By Subject

Life Sciences, Agriculture & Food
Chemistry
Medicine & Health
Materials Science
Mathematics & Physics
Electrical & Computer Science
Earth, Energy & Environment
Architecture & Civil Engineering
Education
Economics & Management
Humanities & Social Sciences
Multidisciplinary

Special Issues

Propose a Special Issue
Special Issue Guidelines
Ongoing Special Issues
Published Special Issues

Join Us

Become the Founding Editor-in-Chief
Join as Editor-in-Chief
Join as Senior Editor
Join as Editorial Board Member
Become a Reviewer
Submit an Article
Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Comprehensive Monitoring and Intelligent Diagnostics Using Multifactor Assessment of Corona Losses to Improve Energy Efficiency in High-voltage Overhead Transmission Lines

Tovbayev Akram Nurmonovich*,  Tog‘ayev Islom Bekpo‘lat o‘g‘li
Published in American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems (Volume 15, Issue 5)
Received: 2 October 2026     Accepted: 12 October 2026     Published: 31 October 2026
Views:       Downloads:
Download PDF
Abstract

This paper investigates the monitoring and mitigation of electrical energy losses caused by corona discharge in high-voltage overhead transmission lines. The relevance of the study is associated with the growing need to improve the energy efficiency of power networks, reduce technical losses, and ensure the reliable operation of power supply systems under increasing electrical loads and more complex operating conditions. A detailed analysis of the factors affecting corona discharge intensity is carried out, including operating voltage levels, conductor design characteristics, surface conditions, meteorological influences, and environmental parameters. A comprehensive approach to continuous corona monitoring is proposed based on the integrated utilization of electrical, electromagnetic, and meteorological data. The potential of modern digital technologies for real-time condition assessment of overhead transmission lines and forecasting of energy losses is examined. The impact of corona discharge on power transmission efficiency is evaluated, and key directions for loss reduction through improvements in transmission line design and operational practices are identified. The obtained results demonstrate that the implementation of continuous monitoring systems enables the timely detection of network sections characterized by increased corona activity, improves the accuracy of energy loss assessment, and supports the development of effective technical measures for loss reduction. The practical significance of the research lies in the applicability of the proposed approach to the modernization of high-voltage power networks aimed at enhancing energy efficiency, operational reliability, and the overall performance of electric power infrastructure.

Published in American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems (Volume 15, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.epes.20261505.12
Page(s) 115-120
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group
Previous article
Keywords

Corona Discharge, Corona Power Losses, Condition-based Monitoring, Energy Efficiency, Intelligent Monitoring Systems, Power Transmission Networks, Digital Power Systems, Smart Grid Technologies

1. Introduction
Corona discharge in high-voltage overhead transmission lines is accompanied by the ionization of the surrounding air, which can reduce insulation reliability, accelerate the ageing of insulation components, and cause additional power and energy losses. This article examines an algorithm for calculating corona losses based on detailed line modeling, in which each phase conductor is analyzed as a separate element. This approach enables a more accurate assessment of the distribution of losses, the identification of the optimal configuration of bundled conductors, and the selection of appropriate spacing between sub conductors.
The results show that the number of sub conductors per phase, their geometric arrangement, the operating voltage level, and reactive power operating conditions significantly affect the magnitude and asymmetry of corona losses. Therefore, corona effects should be taken into account during both the design and operation of high-voltage lines. The article also substantiates the need to develop a dedicated measurement and assessment methodology that can reliably determine a line’s operating condition under real-world conditions and quantitatively evaluate losses caused by corona discharge
[1, 2]
.
Methodology for monitoring and assessing electrical energy losses caused by corona discharge.
Assessing instantaneous, daily average, and annual electricity losses in high-voltage overhead transmission lines, as well as integrating calculated corona-related power losses into analytical and optimization platforms for evaluating stable power-system operating modes, requires the development of a specialized technological framework. This framework should include an in-depth investigation of errors inherent in existing methods for determining losses associated with corona discharge and conductor current loading, followed by improvements to these methods to increase calculation accuracy. Although various analytical approaches and diagnostic methods are currently available, accurately assessing the relatively small electricity losses caused by corona discharge-particularly under conditions of high atmospheric humidity-and improving the sensitivity of methods for real-time measurement of conductor losses remain among the most pressing scientific challenges in the study of high-voltage overhead transmission lines These methodological aspects play an important role in ensuring the reliability and efficiency of modern electric power transmission systems
[3]
. Moving any material object from one point to another inevitably involves certain costs. By contrast, electrical energy is unique in that, during transmission through power networks, a portion of it is consumed in the transmission process itself, without requiring additional external resources. Actual electricity losses are defined as the difference between the amount of electricity supplied to the network and the amount usefully delivered to end users. These losses comprise physical losses in network components during transmission, electricity consumed for the auxiliary needs of equipment installed at substations to support the transmission process, and commercial (non-technical) losses.
 [14, 15]
.
Figure 1. Dependence of corona losses on weather conditions and distance slong the line.
The graph shows how corona power losses vary with distance along the line under different weather conditions. The curves indicate that corona losses are higher in foggy weather than in clear weather, owing to increased atmospheric humidity and intensified ionization processes near the conductor surfaces. Corona activity reduces the reliability of the insulation system, degrades insulating materials and may ultimately cause system failure due to dielectric breakdown. This study is relevant because the factors characterizing corona discharge in high-voltage transmission lines contribute to increased electricity losses. This makes it necessary to analyses these factors comprehensively and develops effective measures to minimize their adverse effects
[4, 5]
. To determine the conditions for corona discharge onset, the maximum electric field strength at the conductor surface is calculated using the following expression (1):
(1)
Here ( )-Maximum electric field strength at the conductor surface, kV/m, (U)- where U is the voltage, V; r is the conductor radius, in cm or m; and D is the average distance between phases, in cm or m. To account for atmospheric conditions, the relative air density is determined using the following expression (2):
(2)
where p is the atmospheric pressure, in Pa (mmHg), and t is the air temperature, in °C. This expression is used to determine the relative air density, which is important when assessing corona discharge. Air density varies with atmospheric pressure and temperature, directly affecting the dielectric strength of the medium surrounding the conductor. Based on monitoring data, relative power losses due to corona discharge were estimated using the following expression (3):
(3)
where k is an empirical coefficient accounting for the specific characteristics of the corona discharge process; for high-voltage overhead transmission lines, k ≈ 3 × 10⁻¹2; ΔPcor is the power loss caused by corona discharge, in Wcor kW; Emax is the maximum electric field strength at the conductor surface, in kV/m; and r is the conductor radius, in cm or m.
These mathematical expressions are used to process data obtained from monitoring systems and to analyses the combined effects of electric field strength, changes in conductor parameters, and atmospheric conditions on corona discharge. The results make it possible to identify patterns in the development of corona discharge on high-voltage overhead transmission lines and to provide a scientifically grounded assessment of measures aimed at reducing electricity losses.
Figure 2. Temoreal varigatin of coronaa losses based on monitoring data.
The graph is a generalized representation based on monitoring data and illustrates the relationship between relative air humidity and power losses due to corona discharge. Relative air humidity (%) is shown on the x-axis, and power losses due to corona discharge (kW/km) are shown on the y-axis. The graph reflects the overall trend identified from actual observations
[6, 7]
.
Figure 3. Relationship between humidity and corona losses based on monitoring data.
Based on experimental data obtained from the monitoring system, the distribution of power losses due to corona discharge was analyzed across different sections of the 220 kV overhead transmission line. The results show that corona losses are relatively higher in certain sections of the line under the influence of electric field strength and environmental factors. The monitoring system makes it possible to assess this process spatially. This relationship is presented graphically in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Distribution of corona losses in a 220 kV transmission line based on monitoring data.
The graph shows the distribution of power losses due to corona discharge recorded at selected monitoring points along a 220 kV overhead transmission line. Here, the monitoring-section number denotes the sequential index of each selected measurement point along the line
[8-13]
.
2. Analysis of the Research Results
Corona-related losses are determined using the specific power losses and data on the duration of different meteorological conditions during the calculation period. For calculating corona losses, fair-weather periods are defined as periods when the relative humidity is below 100% and the conductors are free of ice. If data on the duration of meteorological conditions during the calculation period are unavailable, corona losses are determined with regard to the region in which the transmission line is located. Power losses due to corona discharge vary over a wide range, following a second-order relationship; in some cases, they can change rapidly over time. To characterize corona losses, continuous data on changes in meteorological parameters and corona losses are required over a 10-12-year solar activity cycle, since the cyclic recurrence of meteorological phenomena is largely determined by this cycle. At the theoretical stage, the radial distribution of electric field strength around the conductor in a cylindrical coordinate system is expressed using Laplace’s equation (Equation (4)):
(4)
Here φ-electric potential.
Figure 5. Comparison of Monitoring Methods for Corona-Loss Assessment.
The chart compares values from 0.41 to 0.92. However, “Monitoring method” appears as a category label for 0.92, while “Visual observation” is missing. Please check the labels and state what the values represent (including units, if applicable) before using the figure.
Figure 6. Comparison of corona-related energy-loss shares by conductor cross-section in a 110 kV overhead transmission line.
The figure compares the reported share of corona-related energy losses for conductor cross-sections ranging from 70 to 240 mm2. The share decreases from 3.20% to 1.73%, a reduction of 1.47 percentage points, or approximately 45.9% relative to the 70 mm2 case. This comparison is valid when the operating voltage and atmospheric and operating conditions are held constant.
Figure 7. Comparison of corona-related energy-loss shares by conductor cross-section in a 110 kV overhead transmission line.
The chart shows a decrease in the corona-loss share as conductor cross-sectional area increases, from 4.00% at 70 mm2 to 2.16% at 240 mm2.
Figure 8. Share of Corona-Induced Energy Losses by Conductor Configuration on a 220 kV Overhead Transmission Line.
The chart compares six conductor configurations. The reported corona-loss share decreases from 6.3% for 240 mm2 to 3.4% for 2 × 300 mm2.
Figure 9. Active Power Losses Due to Corona Discharge at Different Voltage and Dust Levels.
The plotted values show that active power losses increase with voltage and dust level, reaching 30 kW/km at 500 kV under high-dust conditions.
3. Conclusions
The results indicate that corona losses in overhead transmission lines depend jointly on operating voltage, atmospheric dust, and conductor configuration. At 500 kV, the plotted active power losses are approximately 15 kW/km under low-dust conditions, 22 kW/km under moderate-dust conditions, and 30 kW/km under high-dust conditions. Thus, the high-dust value is twice the low-dust value. The 110 kV graph likewise shows an increase from approximately 7 kW/km at low dust to 14.5 kW/km at high dust. The reported observations also associate higher humidity and fog with increased corona activity, including at particular sections along the line. The conductor comparisons show a consistent reduction of about 46% in the reported corona-loss share as conductor cross-section or configuration increases. For the 110 kV cases, the figures report decreases from 3.20% to 1.73% and from 4.00% to 2.16%.
For the 220 kV line, the share decreases from 6.3% for a 240 mm2 conductor to 3.4% for a 2 × 300 mm2 configuration. These results support assessing conductor design alongside voltage and weather conditions. Continuous monitoring that combines electrical, electromagnetic, meteorological, and location-specific measurements can help identify high-loss sections and improve operational loss estimates. Power-loss rates in kW/km should be kept distinct from energy-loss shares in percent. The two 110 kV comparisons give different absolute percentages; clarify whether they represent different operating cases. The monitoring-method chart also needs its category labels and the meaning and units of its 0.41–0.92 values specified.
Abbreviations

ΔPcor

The Power Loss
Author Contributions
Tovbayev Akram Nurmonovich: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Software, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Tog‘ayev Islom Bekpo‘lat o‘g‘li: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
References
[1] World reserves of natural resources: how many years will the Earth have enough minerals? [Electronic resource]: URL:

https://lindeal.com/trends/mirovye-zapasy-prirodnykh-resursovna-skolko-let-zemle-khvatit-poleznykh-iskopaemykh (date of access: 21.05.2023).

[2] World Energy Council. 2014. Global Energy Transitions. Date of access: October 16, 2021. Archived December 14, 2017.
[3] Allaev K. R. Electric power industry of Uzbekistan and the world. - Tashkent: Fan va technology. 2009. - 463 p.
[4] Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan №. 204 "On Additional Measures for the Implementation of Market Mechanisms in the Fuel and Energy Sector" dated 16.04.2024.
[5] Sitdikov R. A. Electricity Demand Response and Electric Power System Modes //Energy and Energy Resources, 2009. №. 3-4. - P. 42-47.
[6] Re-powering markets. Market design and regulation during the transition to low-carbon power systems. International Energy Agency (March 2016). Archived from the original on 21 June 2017.
[7] Charles Goldman, Michael Reid, Roger Levy, and Alison Silverstein. National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency (2010). Coordination of Energy Efficiency and Demand Response. epa. gov (2010). Date of access: 23 May 2017. Archived from the original on 9 May 2017.
[8] European Union Electricity Market Glossary. Demand Side Response Aggregator (DSR Aggrega-tor). emissions-euets.com (16 June 2017). Date of access: 28 April 2017. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017.
[9] The concept of functioning of distributed energy resource aggregators as part of the Unified Energy System of Russia. Electricity demand management aggregators. -M.: JSC"SOUES". 2018, May.
[10] Allaev K. R. Modern energy and prospects for its development / edited by Salimov A. U. – T.: Fan va texnologiyalar nashriyot-manbaa uyi, 2021. – 952 p.
[11] Peek, F. W. Dielectric Phenomena in High-Voltage Engineering. McGraw-Hill, 1929.
[12] Bousiou, E. I., Mikropoulos, P. N. “Corona inception field of typical overhead line conductors under variable atmospheric conditions.” Electric Power Systems Research, 2020.
[13] Gupta, P. K., Tuttelberg, K., Kilter, J. “Weather dependency of corona losses on 330 kV overhead transmission lines.” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2024.
[14] Library of Congress. (2026). The deterioration and preservation of paper: Some essential facts. Preservation, Library of Congress.
[15] Simulation and Experimental Study of Rotary Tillage Blades. Agriculture Journal, 2023.
Cite This Article
Plain Text BibTeX RIS

  • APA Style

    Nurmonovich, T. A., o‘g‘li, T. I. B. (2026). Comprehensive Monitoring and Intelligent Diagnostics Using Multifactor Assessment of Corona Losses to Improve Energy Efficiency in High-voltage Overhead Transmission Lines. American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 15(5), 115-120. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20261505.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Nurmonovich, T. A.; o‘g‘li, T. I. B. Comprehensive Monitoring and Intelligent Diagnostics Using Multifactor Assessment of Corona Losses to Improve Energy Efficiency in High-voltage Overhead Transmission Lines. Am. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2026, 15(5), 115-120. doi: 10.11648/j.epes.20261505.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Nurmonovich TA, o‘g‘li TIB. Comprehensive Monitoring and Intelligent Diagnostics Using Multifactor Assessment of Corona Losses to Improve Energy Efficiency in High-voltage Overhead Transmission Lines. Am J Electr Power Energy Syst. 2026;15(5):115-120. doi: 10.11648/j.epes.20261505.12

    Copy | Download 

  • @article{10.11648/j.epes.20261505.12,
  author = {Tovbayev Akram Nurmonovich and Tog‘ayev Islom Bekpo‘lat o‘g‘li},
  title = {Comprehensive Monitoring and Intelligent Diagnostics Using Multifactor Assessment of Corona Losses to Improve Energy Efficiency in High-voltage Overhead Transmission Lines},
  journal = {American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems},
  volume = {15},
  number = {5},
  pages = {115-120},
  doi = {10.11648/j.epes.20261505.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20261505.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.epes.20261505.12},
  abstract = {This paper investigates the monitoring and mitigation of electrical energy losses caused by corona discharge in high-voltage overhead transmission lines. The relevance of the study is associated with the growing need to improve the energy efficiency of power networks, reduce technical losses, and ensure the reliable operation of power supply systems under increasing electrical loads and more complex operating conditions. A detailed analysis of the factors affecting corona discharge intensity is carried out, including operating voltage levels, conductor design characteristics, surface conditions, meteorological influences, and environmental parameters. A comprehensive approach to continuous corona monitoring is proposed based on the integrated utilization of electrical, electromagnetic, and meteorological data. The potential of modern digital technologies for real-time condition assessment of overhead transmission lines and forecasting of energy losses is examined. The impact of corona discharge on power transmission efficiency is evaluated, and key directions for loss reduction through improvements in transmission line design and operational practices are identified. The obtained results demonstrate that the implementation of continuous monitoring systems enables the timely detection of network sections characterized by increased corona activity, improves the accuracy of energy loss assessment, and supports the development of effective technical measures for loss reduction. The practical significance of the research lies in the applicability of the proposed approach to the modernization of high-voltage power networks aimed at enhancing energy efficiency, operational reliability, and the overall performance of electric power infrastructure.},
 year = {2026}
}

    Copy | Download 

  • TY  - JOUR
T1  - Comprehensive Monitoring and Intelligent Diagnostics Using Multifactor Assessment of Corona Losses to Improve Energy Efficiency in High-voltage Overhead Transmission Lines
AU  - Tovbayev Akram Nurmonovich
AU  - Tog‘ayev Islom Bekpo‘lat o‘g‘li
Y1  - 2026/10/31
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20261505.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.epes.20261505.12
T2  - American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems
JF  - American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems
JO  - American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems
SP  - 115
EP  - 120
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-9200
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20261505.12
AB  - This paper investigates the monitoring and mitigation of electrical energy losses caused by corona discharge in high-voltage overhead transmission lines. The relevance of the study is associated with the growing need to improve the energy efficiency of power networks, reduce technical losses, and ensure the reliable operation of power supply systems under increasing electrical loads and more complex operating conditions. A detailed analysis of the factors affecting corona discharge intensity is carried out, including operating voltage levels, conductor design characteristics, surface conditions, meteorological influences, and environmental parameters. A comprehensive approach to continuous corona monitoring is proposed based on the integrated utilization of electrical, electromagnetic, and meteorological data. The potential of modern digital technologies for real-time condition assessment of overhead transmission lines and forecasting of energy losses is examined. The impact of corona discharge on power transmission efficiency is evaluated, and key directions for loss reduction through improvements in transmission line design and operational practices are identified. The obtained results demonstrate that the implementation of continuous monitoring systems enables the timely detection of network sections characterized by increased corona activity, improves the accuracy of energy loss assessment, and supports the development of effective technical measures for loss reduction. The practical significance of the research lies in the applicability of the proposed approach to the modernization of high-voltage power networks aimed at enhancing energy efficiency, operational reliability, and the overall performance of electric power infrastructure.
VL  - 15
IS  - 5
ER  -

    Copy | Download

Author Information

  • Tovbayev Akram Nurmonovich

    The Department of Electric Power Engineering, Navoi State University of Mining and Technologies, Navoi, Uzbekistan

    Biography: Tovbayev Akram Nurmonovich is a Doctor of Technical Sciences (DSc) and Professor at Navoi State University of Mining and Technology, Navoi, Uzbekistan. His research interests include electrical power engineering, power supply systems, high-voltage overhead transmission lines, power quality, ferroresonance phenomena, subharmonic oscillations, corona discharge, electrical energy losses, monitoring and diagnostics of power transmission systems, and energy efficiency. His recent research focuses particularly on the analysis and reduction of corona-induced power losses in high-voltage overhead transmission lines and the development of monitoring approaches for improving the reliability and energy efficiency of electrical power systems.

    Contact Email

    http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-6977

  • Tog‘ayev Islom Bekpo‘lat o‘g‘li

    The Department of Electric Power Engineering, Navoi State University of Mining and Technologies, Navoi, Uzbekistan

    Biography: Tog‘ayev Islom Bekpo‘lat o‘g‘li is an Assistant at the Department of Electrical Power Engineering at Navoi State University of Mining and Technologies, Uzbekistan. His academic and research activities are focused on electrical power engineering, power transmission systems, overhead electrical transmission lines, and electrical energy losses. His research interests include the analysis of power losses in medium-voltage overhead transmission lines, statistical analysis of electrical energy losses, power system efficiency, and measures for reducing energy losses in electrical networks.

    Research Fields: Electrical Power Engineering, Power Supply Systems, High-Voltage Transmission Lines, Power Quality, Energy Efficiency, Power Grid Monitoring and Diagnostics.

    Contact Email

    http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4481-874X

Download PDF
Submit an Article

About Us

Science Publishing Group (SciencePG) is an Open Access publisher, with more than 300 online, peer-reviewed journals covering a wide range of academic disciplines.

Learn More About SciencePG

Products

Information

Important Link

Copyright © 2012 -- 2026 Science Publishing Group – All rights reserved.