| Peer-Reviewed

Risk Factors for Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Health District of Thies, Senegal

Received: 11 June 2017     Accepted: 11 July 2017     Published: 26 September 2017
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is a national health priority in African countries particularly pulmonary form. But Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) is increasing with less consideration for the governments. However, it has a negative impact in the social, economic and sanitary context. Few studies on the disease have been conducted in the African continent. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of Extrapulmonary TB in the Health District of Thies, a Senegalese province. Through a retrospective study, we collected data of all cases of TB admitted at the TB Division of the Health District of Thies, Senegal from January 2012 to December 2014. Sociodemographic characteristics of the patients, past medical history, lifestyles, the type of TB (pulmonary or extrapulmonary), the treatment regimen and the prognosis was evaluated. Uni, bi and multivariate analysis were done and results expressed with a 95% confidence interval. On average, 824 patients with TB were included. They were mostly male (68.4%), jobless (62.9%), not married (58.9%) with a mean age of 33.3 years (±14.3). They had in their past medical history a notion of TB contamination (30.1%), BCG vaccination (96.5%), hypertension (4.6%), diabetes (2.7%), HIV infection (1.7%), smoking (11.5%) and alcohol consumption (2.8%). Hundred and Five patients (12.7% with CI 95%: 10.7% - 14.7%) had EPTB of pleural (56.2%), lymphatic (12.4%), bone (9.5%) and gastrointestinal (9.5%) localization mainly. Age, notion of contact with patient, employment and HIV infection were associated independently to EPTB. It is important de take into consideration these results to strengthen primary prevention strategies.

Published in Central African Journal of Public Health (Volume 3, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.13
Page(s) 68-72
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis, Risk Factors, Thies, Senegal

References
[1] S Ade, AD Harries, A Trebucq, et al. National Profile And Treatment Outcomes Of Patients with Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Benin. PLoS One, 9(4): e95603, 2014.
[2] D Aerts, R Jobim. The epidemiological profile of tuberculosis in southern Brazil in times of AIDS. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 8 (6), pp 785-791, 2004.
[3] S Al-Hajoj, M Shoukri, Z Memish, et al. Exploring The Socio-Demographic and clinical features of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia. Plos One, 10 (2), e0101667, 2015.
[4] S Berg, E Schelling, F Hailu, et al. Investigation of the high rates of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Ethiopia reveals no single driving factor and minimal evidence for zoonotic transmission of Mycobacterium bovis infection. BMC Infect Dis, 15, p112, 2015.
[5] PT Ephrem, B Mengiste, F Mesfin, W Godana. Determinants of active pulmonary tuberculosis in Ambo Hospital, West Ethiopia. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2015; 7(1), 608-8, 2015.
[6] M Forssbohm, M Zwahlen, R Loddenkemper, HI Rieder. Demographic characteristics of patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Germany. Eur Respir J, 31(1), pp 99-105, 2008.
[7] A Jurcev-Savicevic, R Mulic, B Ban, K Kozul, L Bacun-Ivcek, J Valic, et al. Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in Croatia: a matched case-control study. BMC Public Health, 13, pp 991-998, 2013.
[8] IL Leeds, MJ Magee, EV Kurbatova, C Delrio, HM Blumberg, MK Leonard, et al. Site of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is associated with HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis, 55 (1), pp 75-81, 2012.
[9] Coalition Antituberculeuse Pour L’assistance Technique. Standards internationaux pour le traitement de la tuberculose (SITT). La Haye: Coalition antituberculeuse pour l’assistance technique, 2006.
[10] LV Cowie, JW Sharpe (1997). Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: a high frequency in the absence of HIV infection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 1 (2), pp 159-162, 1997.
[11] CT Fiske, MR Griffin, H Erin, J Warkentin, K Lisa K, PG Arbogast, et al. Black race, sex, and extrapulmonary tuberculosis risk: an observational study. BMC Infect Dis, 10:16, 2010.
[12] HM Peto, RH Pratt, TA Harrington, PA Lobue, LR Armstrong. Epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the United States, 1993-2006. Clin Infect Dis, 49 (9), pp 1350-1357, 2009.
[13] T Oni, HP Gideon, N Bangani, R Tsekela, R Seldon, et al. Smoking, BCG and Employment and the Risk of Tuberculosis Infection in HIV-Infected Persons in South Africa. Plos One, 7 (10): e47072, 2012.
[14] D Boccia, J Hargreaves, BI De Stavola, K Fielding, A Schaap, P Godfrey-Faussett P, et al. The association between household socioeconomic position and prevalent tuberculosis in Zambia: a case-control study. Plos One, 6(6):e20824, 2011.
[15] T Gomes, B Reis-Santos, A Bertolde, LJ Johnson, LW Riley, LE Maciel. Epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Brazil: a hierarchical model. BMC Infectious Diseases, 14, 9, 2014.
[16] X Wang, Z Yang, Y Fu, G Zhang, X Wang, et al. Insight to the Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Tianjin, China during 2006-2011. Plos One, 9(12): pp e112213, 2014.
[17] Programme National De Lutte Contre La Tuberculose (Pnt). Rapport annuel de 2013. Dakar: PNT-Sénégal; 2013.
[18] C Dye. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Lancet, 37 (9514), pp 938-940, 2006.
[19] MB Diallo. La Tuberculose Extrapulmonaire Au Cours De L'infection A VIH; aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques et évolutifs: à propos de 247 cas colligés à la clinique des Maladies Infectieuses de Fann. Thèse Médecine. Dakar, Université Cheikh Anta Diop; N°2, 2006.
[20] M Soumare, M Seydi, I Sow, S Diop, C Senghor, C Ndour, et al. Tuberculose et SIDA à Dakar: étude rétrospective à propos de 630 cas. Rev CAMES A, 6, pp 97-100. 2008.
[21] BG Sylla. La tuberculose extrapulmonaire. Thèse Médecine, Dakar: Université Cheikh Anta Diop; 2004, n 4.
[22] RV Razanamparany, D Menard, G Auregan, B Gicquel, S Chanteau. Extrapulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis in Antananarivo (Madagascar): high clustering rate in female patients. J Clin Microbiol, 40 (11): pp 3964-3969, 2002.
[23] K Noertjojo, CM Tam, SL Chan, MM Chan-Yeung. Extrapulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis in Hong Kong. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 6(10), pp 879-886, 2002.
[24] AH Sahal, M Shoukri, Z Memish, AH Raafat, A Fahad, V Bright. Exploring the Sociodemographic and Clinical Features of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia. Plos One, 3, pp 11, 2015.
[25] A Sandgren, V Hollo, MJ Van Der Werf. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the European Union and European Economic Area, 2002 to 2011. Euro Surveill, 18(12): pp: 20431, 2013.
[26] K Ladefoged, T Rendal, T Skifte, M Andersson, B Soborg, A Koch. Risk factors for tuberculosis in Greenland: case-control study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 15 (1), pp 44–49, 2009.
[27] X Zhang, K Jia, F Liu, L Pan, A Xing, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Latent Tuberculosis Infection among Health Care Workers in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Plos One, 8 (6), pp e66412, 2013.
[28] T Usui, K Yamanaka, H Nomura, S Tokudome. Elevated Risk of Tuberculosis by Occupation with Special Reference to Health Care Workers. J Epidemiol, 10, pp 1-6, 2000.
[29] A Odone, AC Crampin, V Mwinuka, S Malema, JN Mwaungulu, L Munthali, et al. Association between socioeconomic position and tuberculosis in a large population-based study in rural Malawi. Plos One, 8 (10):e77740, 2013.
[30] C Lienhardt, J Sillah, K Fielding, S Donkor, K Manneh, D Warndorff, et al. Risk factors for tuberculosis infection in children in contact with infectious tuberculosis cases in the Gambia, West Africa. Pediatrics, 111 (5), pp e608-e614, 2003.
[31] V Mirtskhulava, R Kempker, KL Shields, MK Leonard, T Tsertsvadze, C Del Rio, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Latent Tuberculosis Infection among Health-care Workers in the Country of Georgia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 12 (5), pp 513–519, 2008.
[32] AS Karstaedt, M Bolhaar. Tuberculosis in older adults in Soweto, South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 18 (10), pp 1220–1222, 2014.
[33] JE Malkin, T Prazuck, F Simonnet, M Yameogo, A Rochereau, J Ayeroue, D Masson, C Lafaix. Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency virus infection in West Burkina Faso; clinical presentation and clinical evolution. Int J Tuber Lung Dis, 1 (1), pp 68-74, 1997.
[34] JP Lanoix, T Guimard, N Ettahar, A Grannec, C Flateau, C Chapuzet, et al. Risk factors for prolonged treatment of lymph node tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 16 (3), pp 373–375, 2012.
[35] GP Olalla, MA Martinez-Gonzalez, JA Cayla, JM Jansa, B Iglesias, R Guerrero, et al. Influence of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) on the natural history of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV patients. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 6 (12), pp 1051–1057, 2002.
[36] OY Gonzalez, G Adams, LD Teeter, TT Bui, JM Musser, MA Graviss. Extra-pulmonary manifestations in a large metropolitan area with a low incidence of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 7(12), pp1178–1185, 2003.
[37] A Kwara, S Roahen-Harrison, E Prystowsky, P Kissinger, R Adams, J Mathison, et al. Manifestations and outcome of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus co-infection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 9 (5), pp 485–493, 2005.
[38] N Kingkaew, B Sangtong, W Amnuaiphon, J Jongpaibulpatana, W Mankatittham, S Akksilp, et al. HIV-associated extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Thailand: epidemiology and risk factors for death. Int J Tuberc Dis, 13 (6), pp 722-729, 2009.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Kamadore Touré, Diop Moustapha, Ousmane Junior Dieng, Mamadou Ndiaye, Diallo Abdoulaye, et al. (2017). Risk Factors for Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Health District of Thies, Senegal. Central African Journal of Public Health, 3(5), 68-72. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.13

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Kamadore Touré; Diop Moustapha; Ousmane Junior Dieng; Mamadou Ndiaye; Diallo Abdoulaye, et al. Risk Factors for Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Health District of Thies, Senegal. Cent. Afr. J. Public Health 2017, 3(5), 68-72. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.13

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Kamadore Touré, Diop Moustapha, Ousmane Junior Dieng, Mamadou Ndiaye, Diallo Abdoulaye, et al. Risk Factors for Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Health District of Thies, Senegal. Cent Afr J Public Health. 2017;3(5):68-72. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.13

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.13,
      author = {Kamadore Touré and Diop Moustapha and Ousmane Junior Dieng and Mamadou Ndiaye and Diallo Abdoulaye and Fatou Seck and Madoky Maguatte Diop and Adama Berthé and Pape Souleymane Touré and Sylvie Audrey Diop and Teri Lawson and Bernard Marcel Diop and Mamadou Mourtala Ka},
      title = {Risk Factors for Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Health District of Thies, Senegal},
      journal = {Central African Journal of Public Health},
      volume = {3},
      number = {5},
      pages = {68-72},
      doi = {10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cajph.20170305.13},
      abstract = {Tuberculosis (TB) is a national health priority in African countries particularly pulmonary form. But Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) is increasing with less consideration for the governments. However, it has a negative impact in the social, economic and sanitary context. Few studies on the disease have been conducted in the African continent. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of Extrapulmonary TB in the Health District of Thies, a Senegalese province. Through a retrospective study, we collected data of all cases of TB admitted at the TB Division of the Health District of Thies, Senegal from January 2012 to December 2014. Sociodemographic characteristics of the patients, past medical history, lifestyles, the type of TB (pulmonary or extrapulmonary), the treatment regimen and the prognosis was evaluated. Uni, bi and multivariate analysis were done and results expressed with a 95% confidence interval. On average, 824 patients with TB were included. They were mostly male (68.4%), jobless (62.9%), not married (58.9%) with a mean age of 33.3 years (±14.3). They had in their past medical history a notion of TB contamination (30.1%), BCG vaccination (96.5%), hypertension (4.6%), diabetes (2.7%), HIV infection (1.7%), smoking (11.5%) and alcohol consumption (2.8%). Hundred and Five patients (12.7% with CI 95%: 10.7% - 14.7%) had EPTB of pleural (56.2%), lymphatic (12.4%), bone (9.5%) and gastrointestinal (9.5%) localization mainly. Age, notion of contact with patient, employment and HIV infection were associated independently to EPTB. It is important de take into consideration these results to strengthen primary prevention strategies.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Risk Factors for Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Health District of Thies, Senegal
    AU  - Kamadore Touré
    AU  - Diop Moustapha
    AU  - Ousmane Junior Dieng
    AU  - Mamadou Ndiaye
    AU  - Diallo Abdoulaye
    AU  - Fatou Seck
    AU  - Madoky Maguatte Diop
    AU  - Adama Berthé
    AU  - Pape Souleymane Touré
    AU  - Sylvie Audrey Diop
    AU  - Teri Lawson
    AU  - Bernard Marcel Diop
    AU  - Mamadou Mourtala Ka
    Y1  - 2017/09/26
    PY  - 2017
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.13
    T2  - Central African Journal of Public Health
    JF  - Central African Journal of Public Health
    JO  - Central African Journal of Public Health
    SP  - 68
    EP  - 72
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-5781
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.13
    AB  - Tuberculosis (TB) is a national health priority in African countries particularly pulmonary form. But Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) is increasing with less consideration for the governments. However, it has a negative impact in the social, economic and sanitary context. Few studies on the disease have been conducted in the African continent. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of Extrapulmonary TB in the Health District of Thies, a Senegalese province. Through a retrospective study, we collected data of all cases of TB admitted at the TB Division of the Health District of Thies, Senegal from January 2012 to December 2014. Sociodemographic characteristics of the patients, past medical history, lifestyles, the type of TB (pulmonary or extrapulmonary), the treatment regimen and the prognosis was evaluated. Uni, bi and multivariate analysis were done and results expressed with a 95% confidence interval. On average, 824 patients with TB were included. They were mostly male (68.4%), jobless (62.9%), not married (58.9%) with a mean age of 33.3 years (±14.3). They had in their past medical history a notion of TB contamination (30.1%), BCG vaccination (96.5%), hypertension (4.6%), diabetes (2.7%), HIV infection (1.7%), smoking (11.5%) and alcohol consumption (2.8%). Hundred and Five patients (12.7% with CI 95%: 10.7% - 14.7%) had EPTB of pleural (56.2%), lymphatic (12.4%), bone (9.5%) and gastrointestinal (9.5%) localization mainly. Age, notion of contact with patient, employment and HIV infection were associated independently to EPTB. It is important de take into consideration these results to strengthen primary prevention strategies.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Health Sciences, University of Thies, Thies, Senegal

  • Health District of Thies, Thies, Senegal

  • Health District of Thies, Thies, Senegal

  • Department of Health Sciences, University of Thies, Thies, Senegal

  • Department of Health Sciences, University of Thies, Thies, Senegal

  • Department of Health Sciences, University of Thies, Thies, Senegal

  • Department of Health Sciences, University of Thies, Thies, Senegal

  • Department of Health Sciences, University of Thies, Thies, Senegal

  • Department of Health Sciences, University of Thies, Thies, Senegal

  • Department of Health Sciences, University of Thies, Thies, Senegal

  • Department of Health Sciences, University of Thies, Thies, Senegal

  • Department of Health Sciences, University of Thies, Thies, Senegal

  • Department of Health Sciences, University of Thies, Thies, Senegal

  • Sections