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Evaluation of the Bacteriological Quality of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria

Received: 18 June 2017     Accepted: 28 June 2017     Published: 28 August 2017
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Abstract

Fifteen outdoor public swimming pools in Awka, Nigeria were assessed bacteriologically before and after use by bathers to determine their suitability for bathing purposes. The total bacterial, total coliform, faecal coliform, Staphylococcal and Pseudomonas counts were carried out using standard methods. The total bacterial count before and after use respectively was 10-160 cfu/ml and 100-280 cfu/ml; total coliform count, 3-87 cfu/100ml and 40-120 cfu/100ml; Staphylococcal count, 0-70 cfu/ml and 0-169 cfu/ml while faecal coliforms and Pseudomonas were not detected in the samples. The bacteria were identified as klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus licheniformis Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Klebsiella pneumoniae was detected in majority of the samples before and after use while Bacillus licheniformis, Citrobacter freundii and Salmonella typhi were each detected in one sample only before and after use. Klebsiella pneumoniae also had the highest occurence of 25.0% and 17.1% before and after use while Bacillus licheniformis had the lowest occurrence of 4.8% and 7.3% before and after use. None of the pools met the World Health Organization standard for coliforms therefore adequate and frequent treatment as well as regular bacteriological analyses of such pools are recommended.

Published in Central African Journal of Public Health (Volume 3, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11
Page(s) 55-60
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Bacteriological, Evaluation, Swimming Pools, Outdoor, Quality

References
[1] Sina, R., Mohammad, A. A., Leila, I., Mohmood, S., Hamid, R. G. and Mohammad, P. Assessment of microbial contamination and physicochemical condition of public swimming pools in kashan iran. Jundishapur Journal of microbiology. Vol. 5, No. 3, 450-455, 2012.
[2] Kiyohara, N., Kobayakawa, Y., Lyman, H. and Osafune, T. Identification of bacterial flora in the swimming pools throughout the year. Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences. Vol. 51, No. 1, 1-9, 2009.
[3] G. Nichols. Infection risks from water in natural and man-made environments. European Surveillance. Vol. 11, No 4, 76-78, 2006.
[4] Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of parasites in fecal material from chlorinated swimming pools-United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Vol. 50, No 20, 410-412, 1999.
[5] Benkel, D. H., McClure, E. M., Woolard, D., Rullan, J. V., Miller, G. B., Jenkins, S. R., Hershey, J. H., Benson, R. F., Pruckler, J. M., Brown, E. W., M. S. Kolczak, Hackler, R. L., Rouse, B. S. and Breiman, R. F. Outbreak of legionnaires’ disease associated with a display whirlpool spa. International Journal of Epidemiology. Vol. 29, N 0.6, 2000.
[6] Tate, D., Mawer, S. and Newton, A. Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis associated with a swimming pool inflatable. Epidemiology and infection. Vol. 130, No. 2, 187-192, 2003.
[7] Gbery, I P., Dieha, D., Yobouet, P., Aka, B. and Kanga, J. M. Atypical Mycobacterial skin infections. Sante. Vol. 6, No. 5, 317-322, 1996.
[8] J. O Falkinham. Mycobacterial Aerosols and Respiratory Diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Vol. 9, No. 7, 763-767, 2003.
[9] Dale, K., Kirk, M., Sinclair, M., Hall, R. and Leder, K. Reported waterborne outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease in Australia are predominantly associated with recreational exposure. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. Vol. 34, No. 5, 527-530, 2010.
[10] Brooks, G., Butel, J. S., Carroll, K. C., Morse, S. A., Mietzner. T. A., Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s. medical microbiology. McGraw Hill Medical. Pp 67-78, 2010.
[11] Anyim, C., Nwuzo, A. C., Nworie, O., Oko, M. O. and Aga, M V. Evaluation of water quality used for drinking and swimming purposes in Ishiagu community, Ebonyi State. Journal of chemical, biological and physical Sciences. Vol. 3, No. 1, 581 – 587, 2013.
[12] Onajobi, I. B., Okerentugba, P. O. and Oknko, I. O. physicochemical and Bacteriological studies of selected swimming pool water in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. Stem cell. Vol. 4, No. 4, 10-16, 2013.
[13] Anake, W. U., Ehi - Eromosele, C. O., Siyanbola, T. O., Edoboh – Osoh, A., Adeniyi, I O. and Taiwo, O. S.. Physicochemical and microbial assessment of different water sources in Ota, Ogun state, Nigeria. International Journal of Current Research. Vol. 5, No. 7, 1797-1801, 2013.
[14] Itah, A. Y. and Ekpombok, M, U. Pollution status of swimming pools in south -south zone of south-eastern Nigeria using microbiological and physicochemical indices. Southeast Asian journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. Vol. 35, No. 2, 488 – 493, 2004.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Onuorah Samuel, Ginika-Osuorji Joy, Odibo Frederick, Ojiagu Nnenna Chinelo. (2017). Evaluation of the Bacteriological Quality of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Central African Journal of Public Health, 3(5), 55-60. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11

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    ACS Style

    Onuorah Samuel; Ginika-Osuorji Joy; Odibo Frederick; Ojiagu Nnenna Chinelo. Evaluation of the Bacteriological Quality of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Cent. Afr. J. Public Health 2017, 3(5), 55-60. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11

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    AMA Style

    Onuorah Samuel, Ginika-Osuorji Joy, Odibo Frederick, Ojiagu Nnenna Chinelo. Evaluation of the Bacteriological Quality of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Cent Afr J Public Health. 2017;3(5):55-60. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11,
      author = {Onuorah Samuel and Ginika-Osuorji Joy and Odibo Frederick and Ojiagu Nnenna Chinelo},
      title = {Evaluation of the Bacteriological Quality of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria},
      journal = {Central African Journal of Public Health},
      volume = {3},
      number = {5},
      pages = {55-60},
      doi = {10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cajph.20170305.11},
      abstract = {Fifteen outdoor public swimming pools in Awka, Nigeria were assessed bacteriologically before and after use by bathers to determine their suitability for bathing purposes. The total bacterial, total coliform, faecal coliform, Staphylococcal and Pseudomonas counts were carried out using standard methods. The total bacterial count before and after use respectively was 10-160 cfu/ml and 100-280 cfu/ml; total coliform count, 3-87 cfu/100ml and 40-120 cfu/100ml; Staphylococcal count, 0-70 cfu/ml and 0-169 cfu/ml while faecal coliforms and Pseudomonas were not detected in the samples. The bacteria were identified as klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus licheniformis Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Klebsiella pneumoniae was detected in majority of the samples before and after use while Bacillus licheniformis, Citrobacter freundii and Salmonella typhi were each detected in one sample only before and after use. Klebsiella pneumoniae also had the highest occurence of 25.0% and 17.1% before and after use while Bacillus licheniformis had the lowest occurrence of 4.8% and 7.3% before and after use. None of the pools met the World Health Organization standard for coliforms therefore adequate and frequent treatment as well as regular bacteriological analyses of such pools are recommended.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Evaluation of the Bacteriological Quality of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
    AU  - Onuorah Samuel
    AU  - Ginika-Osuorji Joy
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    JF  - Central African Journal of Public Health
    JO  - Central African Journal of Public Health
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    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-5781
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11
    AB  - Fifteen outdoor public swimming pools in Awka, Nigeria were assessed bacteriologically before and after use by bathers to determine their suitability for bathing purposes. The total bacterial, total coliform, faecal coliform, Staphylococcal and Pseudomonas counts were carried out using standard methods. The total bacterial count before and after use respectively was 10-160 cfu/ml and 100-280 cfu/ml; total coliform count, 3-87 cfu/100ml and 40-120 cfu/100ml; Staphylococcal count, 0-70 cfu/ml and 0-169 cfu/ml while faecal coliforms and Pseudomonas were not detected in the samples. The bacteria were identified as klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus licheniformis Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Klebsiella pneumoniae was detected in majority of the samples before and after use while Bacillus licheniformis, Citrobacter freundii and Salmonella typhi were each detected in one sample only before and after use. Klebsiella pneumoniae also had the highest occurence of 25.0% and 17.1% before and after use while Bacillus licheniformis had the lowest occurrence of 4.8% and 7.3% before and after use. None of the pools met the World Health Organization standard for coliforms therefore adequate and frequent treatment as well as regular bacteriological analyses of such pools are recommended.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

  • Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

  • Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

  • Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

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