| Peer-Reviewed

Roots of Friendship: Socio-Behavioral and Psychological Foundations of Male Alliances

Received: 14 January 2017     Accepted: 23 February 2017     Published: 23 October 2017
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

The summary paper argues that the phenomenon of male alliance (friendship) emerges as a consequence of mutual preference demonstrated by male individuals - both human and animal, - and such preference can be empirically captured. Friendly relations between men are built on two different foundations: (1) the principle of biological and social similarity and (2) the principle of psychological complementarity of the alliance members. Friendship is predominantly formed between boys and men of the same ethnic (racial) origin, similar age, behavior, and common social background. By contrast, psychologically friends are selected based on the complementarity of their temperament and main personality traits, such as ergonicity, sthenicity, emotionality, neophobia/neophilia, extraversion/introversion, dependence/independence of behavior, and dominance/submissiveness. These principles trigger the following key effects: a person is more likely to develop an individual preference and find a friend in childhood, and the number of potential friends is very limited.

Published in American Journal of Applied Psychology (Volume 6, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajap.20170605.15
Page(s) 110-117
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Male Alliance, Friendship, Individual Recognition and Preference, Similarity, Complementarity, Sociobiology of Friendship, Psychology of Friendship

References
[1] Plusnin J. M. & A. A. Putilov (1983) Social synchronization behavior in voles // Social behavior of animals, M., Vol. 2. P. 73-75.; Plusnin J. M. & V. I. Evsikov (1985) Seasonal differences in the social organization of water voles // Ecology, No 3. P. 47-55; Plusnin J. M. & V. G. Rogov (1986) Search activity and hierarchical rank of the individuals in a fluctuating population of water voles // Issues of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of USSR, Novosibirsk, No 1(5). P. 67-70; Plusnin J. M. & M. A. Potapov (1990) Aliances and group dominance in water vole, Arvicola terrestris L. // 5th Meeting of Soviet Theriology Society, M., Vol. 3. P. 50-51 (all in Russian).
[2] Slobodskaya H. R. & J. M. Plusnin (1987) Intragroup mechanisms of socialization in infants // Voprosy psichologii (Issues of Psychology), No 3. P. 50-57 (in Rus.).
[3] Plusnin J. M., O. A. Bogatyreva, & O. E. Bichenkova (1993) Spatial behavior and social status of the child in kindergarten // Voprosy psichologii (Issues of Psychology), No 2. P. 106-116 (in Rus.); Plusnin J. M. & M. A. Sadovoj (1994) Social psychological features of children with vertebral pathology // Russian Traumatology and Orthopedics, SPb, No 3. P. 51-62 (in Rus.); Butovskaya M. L., & J. M. Plusnin (1995) Principles of the organization of spatial behaviour of human and non-human primates (comparative analysis) // Modern Anthropology and Genetics. Problems of Human Races, M. P. 91-144 (in Rus.).
[4] Plusnin J. M. (1993) What kind of friends we currently choose? (Sociobiology of friendship) // Priroda (Nature). No 7. P. 75-83. (in Rus.); Plusnin J. M. (1996) Specific human behaviour in the Russian Arctic // Management, technology and human resources policy in the Arctic (the North). — Kluwer Acad. Publ. (The Netherlands). P. 449-453. Plusnin J. (2001). Measuring of Friendship // New challenges in assessment. The 6th Conference of the European Association of Psychological Assessment, Aachen, Germany, September 2-5. P. 70-71.
[5] Hamilton W. D. (Ed.) (1996/1963) Narrow roads of gene land. Vol. 1, Evolution of social behaviour. Oxford: W. H. Freeman. (Originally published in American Naturalist, 1963, No 97, p. 354—366.); Hamilton W. D. (1970) Selfish and spiteful behaviour in an evolutionary model // Nature, No 228, P. 1218-1220; Lewontin R. C. (1972) The apportionment of human diversity // Evol. Biol. No 6, P.381–398; Engelhardt V. A. (1977) Some attributes of life: the hierarchy, integration, recognition // Modern science and materialist dialectics. M. P. 328-350 (in Rus.).
[6] Hamilton W. D. (1964) The genetic evolution of social behavior, parts 1 and 2. // Journal of Theoretical Biology, No 7, p. 1-51; Harpending H. (1979) The population genetics of interactions // American Naturalist, No 113, p. 622—630; Foster J. W., & R. R. Sharp (2002) Race, ethnicity, and genomics: social classifications as proxies of biological heterogeneity // Genome Res., No 12, p. 844–850.
[7] For example: Lorenz К. (1965) Uber tierisches und menschliches Verhalten (gesammelte Abhandlungen, Band I, II). Munchen: Piper; Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. (1989/1984) Human ethology. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
[8] For example: Cavalli-Sforza L. L., & W. F. Bodmer (1999/1971) The genetics of human populations. Mineola, NY: Dover; Rushton J. P. (1989) Genetic similarity, human altruism, and group selection // Behavioral and Brain Sciences, No 12, P. 503-559.
[9] For example: Habermas J. (1998) The inclusion of the other: Studies in political theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.; Plusnin J. M. (2013) “Locals” and “alien” in Russian provincial town // Mir Rossii (World of Russia), Vol. 22, No 3. P. 60-93 (in Rus.).
[10] Breed М. D., & Bekotf М. (1981) Individual recognition and social relationship // J. Theor. BioL Vol. 88, No 3. P. 589—593; Sherman P. W., & Holmes W. G. (1985) Kin recognition: issues and evidence // Fortschritte der Zoologie, No 31, P. 437–460; Brown R. E. & Macdonald D. W. (1985) Social odours in mammals. - Oxford University Press, Oxford; Bruce V. & Young A. (1986) Understanding face recognition // Brit. J. Psychol. No 77, P. 305–327.
[11] Barnard С. J., & Burk Т. (1979) Dominance hierarchies and the evolution of «individual recognition» // J. Theor. Biol. Vol. 81, No.1. P. 65— 73; Fletcher D. J. C., & C. D. Michener (1987) Kin recognition in animals. N.-Y.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Holmes W. G. (1988) Kinship and the development of social preferences. P. 389–413. In: Developmental psychobiology and behavioral ecology (Blass E. M., ed.). N.-Y.: Plenum Press.
[12] F. K. Salter (ed.) (2002) Risky transactions. Kinship, ethnicity, and trust. Oxford and New York: Berghahn; Levy G. D. (2000) Individual differences in race schematicity as predictors of african american and white children’s race-relevant memories and peer preferences // Journal of Genetic Psychology. Vol. 161. No 4. P. 400-419.
[13] Plusnin J. M. (2013) Behavioral and psychological person’s features in the North. Social psychological researches of the Marine Arctic Complex Expedition // Franz Josef Land. M., Paulsen. P. 629-643.
[14] Plusnin J. M. (1993) What kind of friends we currently choose? (Sociobiology of friendship) // Priroda (Nature). No 7. P. 75-83. (in Rus.).
[15] See: Propp V. (2009/1928) Morfologia skazki [Morphology of the Folktale (Publications of the American Folclore Society) 2nd Edition. The American Folklore Society and Indiana University].
[16] Berndt R. M., Berndt C. H. (1999) The World of the First Australians. Canberra; Artemova O. Ju. Personality and Social Norms in the Archaic Society. M.: Nauka (in Rus.).
[17] Herodotus (2013). Herodotus: The Histories: The Complete Translation, Backgrounds, Commentaries. Translated by Walter Blanco. Edited by Jennifer Tolbert Roberts. New York: W. W. Norton &. Book III. Talia. Chapter 8; Book IV. Melpomena. chapter 70.
[18] Belkov P. L. (2013) Australian Kinship Systems. Basics Typology and Elementary Transformations. SPb: Nauka. 167 p. (in Rus.).
[19] Rushton, J. P. (1989). Genetic similarity, human altruism, and group selection // Behavioral and Brain Sciences, No 12. P. 503-559; Parsons, J. (1998). Human population competition: The pursuit of power through numbers. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
[20] Risky transactions. Kinship, ethnicity, and trust (2002). F. K. Salter (Ed.) Oxford and New York: Berghahn; Welfare, ethnicity, and altruism. New data and evolutionary theory (2002) F. K. Salter (Ed.). London: Frank Cass.
[21] Plato (2006) Works in four Volumes. Vol. I. P. 339 (in Rus.); see also: Plato (1989) Plato's Dialogue on Friendship. An Interpretation of the "Lysis', with a New Translation. Translated by David Bolotin. Cornell University Press: Ithaka. 232 p.
[22] Plusnin J. M. (1992). Psychology and behaviour of small groups in the Arctic: to “polar person” prototype // International J. of Psychology. Vol. 27. No 3-4. P. 357-358; Plusnin J. M. (2013) Behavioral and psychological person’s features in the North. Social psychological researches of the Marine Arctic Complex Expedition // Franz Josef Land. M., Paulsen. P. 629-643.
[23] Plusnin J. M., O. A. Bogatyreva, & O. E. Bichenkova (1993) Spatial behavior and social status of the child in kindergarten // Voprosy psichologii (Issues of Psychology), No 2. P. 106-116 (in Rus.).
[24] Plusnin J. M. (1992). Psychology of youngsters selected different ways to adult life // International J. of Psychology. Vol. 27. No 3-4. P. 358-359.
[25] For example: Goldberg L. R. (1981) Language and individual differences: The search for universals in personality lexicons. In L. Wheeler (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 2. P. 141–165). Beverly Hills: Sage; Goldberg L. R. (1992) The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure // Psychological Assessment, No 4. P. 26-42; Hogan R. (1986) Hogan Personality Inventory manual. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems; Shmelyov A. G., & Pokhil’ko, V. I. (1993) A taxonomy-oriented study of Russian personality-trait names // European Journal of Personality, No 7.
[26] Rusalov V. M. (1997) Oprosnik formal`no-dynamicheskih svoystv individual`nosti. Rukovodstvo. [Questionnaire of formal-dynamical properties of individuality. Manual]. Russian Academy of Sciences, IPAN Press: Moscow. [in Russian].
[27] Rusalov V. M., I. N. Trofimova, & W. Silus (2007) The Structure of Temperament and its Measurement. Toronto, Canada: Psychological Services Press. 150 p.
[28] Pribram К. Н. (1962). Interrelations of psychology and the neurological disciplines. In: Koch S. (ed.) Psychology: A Study of a Science. Vol. 4. Biologically Oriented Fields: Their Place in Psychology and in Biological Sciences. New York, McGraw-Hill. P. 119-157. (Citation from: Pribram K. H. (1971). Languages of the Brain. Experimental Paradoxes and Principles in neuropsychology. Prentice-hall, inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (in Rus. Edition, 1975, p. 227-230).
[29] Toxaris, or Friendship (Toxaris vel amicitia). Lucian with an English translation by A. M. Harmon in eight volumes. Vol. V. L.: W. Heinemann; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1913, P. 101-208 (https://archive.org/details/lucianhar05luciuoft).
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Juri Plusnin. (2017). Roots of Friendship: Socio-Behavioral and Psychological Foundations of Male Alliances. American Journal of Applied Psychology, 6(5), 110-117. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20170605.15

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Juri Plusnin. Roots of Friendship: Socio-Behavioral and Psychological Foundations of Male Alliances. Am. J. Appl. Psychol. 2017, 6(5), 110-117. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20170605.15

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Juri Plusnin. Roots of Friendship: Socio-Behavioral and Psychological Foundations of Male Alliances. Am J Appl Psychol. 2017;6(5):110-117. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20170605.15

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajap.20170605.15,
      author = {Juri Plusnin},
      title = {Roots of Friendship: Socio-Behavioral and Psychological Foundations of Male Alliances},
      journal = {American Journal of Applied Psychology},
      volume = {6},
      number = {5},
      pages = {110-117},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajap.20170605.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20170605.15},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajap.20170605.15},
      abstract = {The summary paper argues that the phenomenon of male alliance (friendship) emerges as a consequence of mutual preference demonstrated by male individuals - both human and animal, - and such preference can be empirically captured. Friendly relations between men are built on two different foundations: (1) the principle of biological and social similarity and (2) the principle of psychological complementarity of the alliance members. Friendship is predominantly formed between boys and men of the same ethnic (racial) origin, similar age, behavior, and common social background. By contrast, psychologically friends are selected based on the complementarity of their temperament and main personality traits, such as ergonicity, sthenicity, emotionality, neophobia/neophilia, extraversion/introversion, dependence/independence of behavior, and dominance/submissiveness. These principles trigger the following key effects: a person is more likely to develop an individual preference and find a friend in childhood, and the number of potential friends is very limited.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Roots of Friendship: Socio-Behavioral and Psychological Foundations of Male Alliances
    AU  - Juri Plusnin
    Y1  - 2017/10/23
    PY  - 2017
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20170605.15
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajap.20170605.15
    T2  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
    JF  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
    JO  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
    SP  - 110
    EP  - 117
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-5672
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20170605.15
    AB  - The summary paper argues that the phenomenon of male alliance (friendship) emerges as a consequence of mutual preference demonstrated by male individuals - both human and animal, - and such preference can be empirically captured. Friendly relations between men are built on two different foundations: (1) the principle of biological and social similarity and (2) the principle of psychological complementarity of the alliance members. Friendship is predominantly formed between boys and men of the same ethnic (racial) origin, similar age, behavior, and common social background. By contrast, psychologically friends are selected based on the complementarity of their temperament and main personality traits, such as ergonicity, sthenicity, emotionality, neophobia/neophilia, extraversion/introversion, dependence/independence of behavior, and dominance/submissiveness. These principles trigger the following key effects: a person is more likely to develop an individual preference and find a friend in childhood, and the number of potential friends is very limited.
    VL  - 6
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Social Sciences, National Research University, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia

  • Sections