The growing amount of synthetic dyes in wastewater presents serious environmental problems, making the creation of effective and long-lasting treatment techniques necessary. The potential of Saccharum munja biomass modified with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) as a dual-purpose adsorbent and photocatalyst for the elimination of Reactive red (RR) dye from aqueous solutions is examined in this work. The one-step sol–gel process was used to create the composite. Batch adsorption was used to improve process factors such pH, composite dosage, and initial dye concentration. To analyze the adsorption mechanism, the dye adsorption process's kinetics, thermodynamics, and isotherm were examined. Additionally, the TiO₂+SM composite's photodegradation removal efficacy was assessed. Saccharum mun-ja biomass was used to improve the adsorption capacity while also taking advantage of its low cost and wide availability, which made it a cost-effective and environmentally beneficial choice. In summary, this study demonstrates the composite's dual capabilities as an efficient adsorbent and photocatalyst, offering a viable wastewater treatment option and meeting the demand for environmentally friendly remediation methods worldwide.

Saccharum Munja, Reactive Red Dye, Adsorption, Photocatalytic Degradation, Wastewater