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Investigation of Levels of Some Selected Heavy Metals in Raw Bovine Milk from Oyam District, Uganda and Estimation of Potential Health Risks
Mike Odongo,
Solomon Alex Mutagaya,
William Wanasolo,
Dominic Oketch
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, June 2022
Pages:
1-6
Received:
21 October 2021
Accepted:
8 November 2021
Published:
28 January 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11
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Abstract: Heavy metal contamination is a serious threat because of their toxicity, bio-magnification and bioaccumulation in food chain. The deficiency of some of these metal elements leads to impairment of vital biological process but when they are present in excess, they become toxic. Raw bovine milk is considered as one of the food sources contaminated with heavy metals, because cows graze on the grass grown in lands which somehow come in contact with the untreated effluent of industries. Milk is a very important component of human diet. The present study was aimed at investigating the levels of selected heavy metals (Cr, Cd, and Pb) in raw bovine milk produced in Oyam District, Uganda and estimation of potential health risks associated with long term exposure to heavy metal contaminated milk from the said area. Experimental results indicated that the mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.17±0.08, 6.84±2.03 and 0.13±0.05 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively for all samples taken from Aber Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.15±0.07, 6.55±1.71 and 0.12±0.04 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Acaba Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.16±0.07, 6.83±1.74 and 0.15±0.11 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Loro Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.28±0.18, 8.34±2.92 and 0.19±0.13 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Kamdini Sub County. The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) of all heavy metals analyzed (Pb, Cr and Cd) in milk samples was found to be less than 1. Hence it would be inferred that it’s safe to drink the milk from this area.
Abstract: Heavy metal contamination is a serious threat because of their toxicity, bio-magnification and bioaccumulation in food chain. The deficiency of some of these metal elements leads to impairment of vital biological process but when they are present in excess, they become toxic. Raw bovine milk is considered as one of the food sources contaminated wit...
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Copolymerization Phenylcyclopropylmetacrylates with Glycidyl Methacrylate and Their Properties
Kazim Gafar Guliyev,
Aysel Elshad Rzayeva,
Afet Mirza Aliyeva
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, June 2022
Pages:
7-12
Received:
25 October 2021
Accepted:
12 November 2021
Published:
25 February 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.12
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Abstract: New phenylcyclopropyl methacrylates (PhCMA) have been synthesized and studied in detail new monomers radical copolymerization with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). As a result of laboratory experiments were obtained new cyclopropane and epoxy-containing photosensitive copolymers. PhCMA is a new reactive monomer, its synthesis and homopolymerization have been presented. The choice of this compound to copolymerize it with GMA has been stipulated by the presence of light absorbing carbonyl, cyclopropane and epoxide groups or double bond in the molecule. In the copolymerization of the studied GMAPhCMA system is an important task is choosing the conditions when the polymerization is proceeded only by participation of vinyl group and the reactive fragments would be remained in the side chain without changes. The relative activity of monomers and the parameters of Q and e have been determined by Alfrey-Price method. The copolymerization constants of the specified compound (PhCMA) (r1) with glycidyl methacrylate (r2), calculated by the Fineman-Ross method, are: r1=0.57, r2=0.65 (Cl); r1=0.68, r2=0.55 (NO2), respectively; the values of the parameters Q and e: Q1=1.19, e1=-0.8 (Cl); Q1=1.42, e1=-0.9 (NO2), respectively. The composition and structure of this copolymer have been established. Photochemical studies of the synthesized copolymer have been carried out. It was found that structuring proceeds due to the opening of the cyclopropane ring and epoxy groups, as well as the carbonyl group. The structure and composition monomers and polymers which were synthesized were studied by İR and NMR spectroscopy. An availability of the synthesized copolymer of the reactive groups of various chemical nature in links of macromolecule arouses interest for investigation of photochemical structuring of this copolymer, i.e. to crosslinking under action of UV-irradiation and such polymers showing as negative type photoresists. These polymers with properties of high light sensitivity, film-forming ability, good solubility before irradiation, resistance to solvents, plasma and etchants after cross-linking and good thermal stability, which are very important for photoresist. Due to availability of strongly absorbing light energy of groups (cyclopropane, glycidyl, >С=О etc.) the synthesized copolymers are photosensitive and under the influence of UV-irradiation are subjected to the photochemical conversions leading to formation of crosslinked structures.
Abstract: New phenylcyclopropyl methacrylates (PhCMA) have been synthesized and studied in detail new monomers radical copolymerization with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). As a result of laboratory experiments were obtained new cyclopropane and epoxy-containing photosensitive copolymers. PhCMA is a new reactive monomer, its synthesis and homopolymerization hav...
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Chemical Formulations for Acrylic Matt and Acrylic Gloss Paints
Hebah Abdel-Wahab,
Tamara Gund
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, June 2022
Pages:
13-19
Received:
8 April 2022
Accepted:
28 April 2022
Published:
10 May 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.13
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Abstract: Paints are used to prolong the life of natural and synthetic materials and to protect it, it acts as a barrier against environmental conditions. Mainly paints are made up of solvent, biner, extenders, pigments(s), and some additives. Solvent can be either organic or Inorganic, and it’s used as medium to dissolve paints contents together and make it uniform, it can also be used as a thinner. Pigments are used to give color to the paint. Binders are used to hold pigments in place. Extenders have large pigment particles to improve adhesion properties of the paint, and they are also used to strengthen the film and save the binder. The objective is to find the chemical compounds and the literature amounts that makes a good acrylic paint, find chemicals that would potentially lower the scrub resistance, and find additives and chemical compounds that would potentially increase the quality and increase the scrub resistance test for acrylic paints. After researching the chemical properties and role of each chemical compound used in the current formulation and comparing the amounts used to reference values, it has been found that main chemical compounds are missing from the current formulation: pigments, extenders, and another type of pre-emulsion monomer. It also has been found that copious amounts surfactants 4.5% (2.0% Octyl phenol polyglycol ether sulfate sodium salt, 2.0% Octyl phenol Polyglycol Ether Sulphate Sodium Salt, and 0.5% Provichem) have been causing a low scrub resistance test of current formulation compared to reference.
Abstract: Paints are used to prolong the life of natural and synthetic materials and to protect it, it acts as a barrier against environmental conditions. Mainly paints are made up of solvent, biner, extenders, pigments(s), and some additives. Solvent can be either organic or Inorganic, and it’s used as medium to dissolve paints contents together and make it...
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Heavy Metals Pollution Assessment of Asa River Sediments in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
Oluwadurotimi Olutosin Akintade,
Gbemisola Elizabeth Ogunleye,
Rotimi Oderinde,
Abiodun Ogbesejana,
Wasiu Bolade Agbaje
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, June 2022
Pages:
20-30
Received:
8 March 2022
Accepted:
31 March 2022
Published:
31 May 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.14
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Abstract: Asa River sediment samples (26) were collected and analyse to determine seasonal concentrations, spatial and assessment contamination of heavy metals which includes Pb, Cu, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn, Al, Fe and Mn. The purpose of this research is to assess concentrations of heavy metals and degree of contamination in the Asa River sediments. The mean concentrations are as follows 0.75 mg/kg for Pb, 47.70 mg/kg for Cu, 34.88 mg/kg for Co, 54.35 mg/kg for Cr, 25.06 mg/kg for Ni, 34.70 mg/kg for Zn, 30.53 mg/kg for Al, 16.74 mg/kg for Fe and 11.84 mg/kg for Mn. To assess metal contamination in sediments, sediment quality guidelines were applied. The mean concentration of Cu and Co exceeded the USEPA guidelines. The metal contamination in the sediments was also evaluated by applying Enrichment Factor (EF), Contamination Factor (CF), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) and Pollution Load Index (PLI). Based on EF, the Asa River sediments have less deficiency for Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, Al, Fe and Mn while Cu and Co have moderate enrichment. According to CF: Cu, Co, Cr, Zn and Al have moderate contamination while Pb, Ni, Fe and Mn have low contamination. According to Igeo, the Asa River sediments are unpolluted to moderately polluted. Based on PLI, most sampling sites suggest no overall pollution of site quality.
Abstract: Asa River sediment samples (26) were collected and analyse to determine seasonal concentrations, spatial and assessment contamination of heavy metals which includes Pb, Cu, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn, Al, Fe and Mn. The purpose of this research is to assess concentrations of heavy metals and degree of contamination in the Asa River sediments. The mean concentr...
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