Investigation of Levels of Some Selected Heavy Metals in Raw Bovine Milk from Oyam District, Uganda and Estimation of Potential Health Risks

Mike Odongo; Solomon Alex Mutagaya; William Wanasolo; Dominic Oketch

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11

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Investigation of Levels of Some Selected Heavy Metals in Raw Bovine Milk from Oyam District, Uganda and Estimation of Potential Health Risks

Mike Odongo, Solomon Alex Mutagaya, William Wanasolo, Dominic Oketch

Published in American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry (Volume 6, Issue 1)

Received: 21 October 2021 Accepted: 8 November 2021 Published: 28 January 2022

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Abstract

Heavy metal contamination is a serious threat because of their toxicity, bio-magnification and bioaccumulation in food chain. The deficiency of some of these metal elements leads to impairment of vital biological process but when they are present in excess, they become toxic. Raw bovine milk is considered as one of the food sources contaminated with heavy metals, because cows graze on the grass grown in lands which somehow come in contact with the untreated effluent of industries. Milk is a very important component of human diet. The present study was aimed at investigating the levels of selected heavy metals (Cr, Cd, and Pb) in raw bovine milk produced in Oyam District, Uganda and estimation of potential health risks associated with long term exposure to heavy metal contaminated milk from the said area. Experimental results indicated that the mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.17±0.08, 6.84±2.03 and 0.13±0.05 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively for all samples taken from Aber Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.15±0.07, 6.55±1.71 and 0.12±0.04 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Acaba Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.16±0.07, 6.83±1.74 and 0.15±0.11 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Loro Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.28±0.18, 8.34±2.92 and 0.19±0.13 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Kamdini Sub County. The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) of all heavy metals analyzed (Pb, Cr and Cd) in milk samples was found to be less than 1. Hence it would be inferred that it’s safe to drink the milk from this area.

Published in	American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry (Volume 6, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11
Page(s)	1-6
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, Bovine Milk, Heavy Metals, Oyam District, Health Risks

References

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APA Style

Mike Odongo, Solomon Alex Mutagaya, William Wanasolo, Dominic Oketch. (2022). Investigation of Levels of Some Selected Heavy Metals in Raw Bovine Milk from Oyam District, Uganda and Estimation of Potential Health Risks. American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry, 6(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11

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ACS Style

Mike Odongo; Solomon Alex Mutagaya; William Wanasolo; Dominic Oketch. Investigation of Levels of Some Selected Heavy Metals in Raw Bovine Milk from Oyam District, Uganda and Estimation of Potential Health Risks. Am. J. Appl. Ind. Chem. 2022, 6(1), 1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11

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AMA Style

Mike Odongo, Solomon Alex Mutagaya, William Wanasolo, Dominic Oketch. Investigation of Levels of Some Selected Heavy Metals in Raw Bovine Milk from Oyam District, Uganda and Estimation of Potential Health Risks. Am J Appl Ind Chem. 2022;6(1):1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11,
  author = {Mike Odongo and Solomon Alex Mutagaya and William Wanasolo and Dominic Oketch},
  title = {Investigation of Levels of Some Selected Heavy Metals in Raw Bovine Milk from Oyam District, Uganda and Estimation of Potential Health Risks},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-6},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaic.20220601.11},
  abstract = {Heavy metal contamination is a serious threat because of their toxicity, bio-magnification and bioaccumulation in food chain. The deficiency of some of these metal elements leads to impairment of vital biological process but when they are present in excess, they become toxic. Raw bovine milk is considered as one of the food sources contaminated with heavy metals, because cows graze on the grass grown in lands which somehow come in contact with the untreated effluent of industries. Milk is a very important component of human diet. The present study was aimed at investigating the levels of selected heavy metals (Cr, Cd, and Pb) in raw bovine milk produced in Oyam District, Uganda and estimation of potential health risks associated with long term exposure to heavy metal contaminated milk from the said area. Experimental results indicated that the mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.17±0.08, 6.84±2.03 and 0.13±0.05 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively for all samples taken from Aber Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.15±0.07, 6.55±1.71 and 0.12±0.04 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Acaba Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.16±0.07, 6.83±1.74 and 0.15±0.11 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Loro Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.28±0.18, 8.34±2.92 and 0.19±0.13 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Kamdini Sub County. The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) of all heavy metals analyzed (Pb, Cr and Cd) in milk samples was found to be less than 1. Hence it would be inferred that it’s safe to drink the milk from this area.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Investigation of Levels of Some Selected Heavy Metals in Raw Bovine Milk from Oyam District, Uganda and Estimation of Potential Health Risks
AU  - Mike Odongo
AU  - Solomon Alex Mutagaya
AU  - William Wanasolo
AU  - Dominic Oketch
Y1  - 2022/01/28
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11
T2  - American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry
SP  - 1
EP  - 6
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7294
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11
AB  - Heavy metal contamination is a serious threat because of their toxicity, bio-magnification and bioaccumulation in food chain. The deficiency of some of these metal elements leads to impairment of vital biological process but when they are present in excess, they become toxic. Raw bovine milk is considered as one of the food sources contaminated with heavy metals, because cows graze on the grass grown in lands which somehow come in contact with the untreated effluent of industries. Milk is a very important component of human diet. The present study was aimed at investigating the levels of selected heavy metals (Cr, Cd, and Pb) in raw bovine milk produced in Oyam District, Uganda and estimation of potential health risks associated with long term exposure to heavy metal contaminated milk from the said area. Experimental results indicated that the mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.17±0.08, 6.84±2.03 and 0.13±0.05 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively for all samples taken from Aber Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.15±0.07, 6.55±1.71 and 0.12±0.04 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Acaba Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.16±0.07, 6.83±1.74 and 0.15±0.11 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Loro Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.28±0.18, 8.34±2.92 and 0.19±0.13 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Kamdini Sub County. The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) of all heavy metals analyzed (Pb, Cr and Cd) in milk samples was found to be less than 1. Hence it would be inferred that it’s safe to drink the milk from this area.
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Mike Odongo

Department of Chemistry, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
Solomon Alex Mutagaya

Department of Chemistry, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
William Wanasolo

Department of Chemistry, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
Dominic Oketch

Department of Chemistry, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda

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APA Style

Mike Odongo, Solomon Alex Mutagaya, William Wanasolo, Dominic Oketch. (2022). Investigation of Levels of Some Selected Heavy Metals in Raw Bovine Milk from Oyam District, Uganda and Estimation of Potential Health Risks. American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry, 6(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11

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ACS Style

Mike Odongo; Solomon Alex Mutagaya; William Wanasolo; Dominic Oketch. Investigation of Levels of Some Selected Heavy Metals in Raw Bovine Milk from Oyam District, Uganda and Estimation of Potential Health Risks. Am. J. Appl. Ind. Chem. 2022, 6(1), 1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11

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AMA Style

Mike Odongo, Solomon Alex Mutagaya, William Wanasolo, Dominic Oketch. Investigation of Levels of Some Selected Heavy Metals in Raw Bovine Milk from Oyam District, Uganda and Estimation of Potential Health Risks. Am J Appl Ind Chem. 2022;6(1):1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11,
  author = {Mike Odongo and Solomon Alex Mutagaya and William Wanasolo and Dominic Oketch},
  title = {Investigation of Levels of Some Selected Heavy Metals in Raw Bovine Milk from Oyam District, Uganda and Estimation of Potential Health Risks},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-6},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaic.20220601.11},
  abstract = {Heavy metal contamination is a serious threat because of their toxicity, bio-magnification and bioaccumulation in food chain. The deficiency of some of these metal elements leads to impairment of vital biological process but when they are present in excess, they become toxic. Raw bovine milk is considered as one of the food sources contaminated with heavy metals, because cows graze on the grass grown in lands which somehow come in contact with the untreated effluent of industries. Milk is a very important component of human diet. The present study was aimed at investigating the levels of selected heavy metals (Cr, Cd, and Pb) in raw bovine milk produced in Oyam District, Uganda and estimation of potential health risks associated with long term exposure to heavy metal contaminated milk from the said area. Experimental results indicated that the mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.17±0.08, 6.84±2.03 and 0.13±0.05 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively for all samples taken from Aber Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.15±0.07, 6.55±1.71 and 0.12±0.04 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Acaba Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.16±0.07, 6.83±1.74 and 0.15±0.11 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Loro Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.28±0.18, 8.34±2.92 and 0.19±0.13 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Kamdini Sub County. The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) of all heavy metals analyzed (Pb, Cr and Cd) in milk samples was found to be less than 1. Hence it would be inferred that it’s safe to drink the milk from this area.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Investigation of Levels of Some Selected Heavy Metals in Raw Bovine Milk from Oyam District, Uganda and Estimation of Potential Health Risks
AU  - Mike Odongo
AU  - Solomon Alex Mutagaya
AU  - William Wanasolo
AU  - Dominic Oketch
Y1  - 2022/01/28
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11
T2  - American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry
SP  - 1
EP  - 6
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7294
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11
AB  - Heavy metal contamination is a serious threat because of their toxicity, bio-magnification and bioaccumulation in food chain. The deficiency of some of these metal elements leads to impairment of vital biological process but when they are present in excess, they become toxic. Raw bovine milk is considered as one of the food sources contaminated with heavy metals, because cows graze on the grass grown in lands which somehow come in contact with the untreated effluent of industries. Milk is a very important component of human diet. The present study was aimed at investigating the levels of selected heavy metals (Cr, Cd, and Pb) in raw bovine milk produced in Oyam District, Uganda and estimation of potential health risks associated with long term exposure to heavy metal contaminated milk from the said area. Experimental results indicated that the mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.17±0.08, 6.84±2.03 and 0.13±0.05 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively for all samples taken from Aber Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.15±0.07, 6.55±1.71 and 0.12±0.04 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Acaba Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.16±0.07, 6.83±1.74 and 0.15±0.11 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Loro Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.28±0.18, 8.34±2.92 and 0.19±0.13 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Kamdini Sub County. The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) of all heavy metals analyzed (Pb, Cr and Cd) in milk samples was found to be less than 1. Hence it would be inferred that it’s safe to drink the milk from this area.
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
ER  -

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