Research Article
Low Intensity Shockwave Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction: Keeping Hope Alive
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
105-111
Received:
30 September 2025
Accepted:
11 October 2025
Published:
30 October 2025
Abstract: Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as persistent inability to achieve and sustain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. The prevalence of ED increases with aging from 9% in men younger than 40 years to 71% in older men. ED impacts negatively on sexual performance and quality of life (QoL). Low-intensity shockwave therapy (LiSWT) for ED is a regenerative therapy and contrary to other current therapeutic options which are mainly palliative, it restores the erectile mechanism enabling natural or spontaneous erections. LiSWT has found significant usefulness in the treatment of ED with potential to induce angiogenesis and dislodge plaques which will invariably improve blood flood to the penis leading to a lifelong solution to ED with marked improvement in sexual performance. Methodology: This is a prospective randomized study. All patients presenting to andrology clinic with erectile dysfunction were enrolled in the study. Informed consent was obtained. All patients were evaluated to identify the likely etiology and a proforma and standard abridged version of International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) were administered. An Emshock and Smart Tecar 2 in 1 device was used to deliver low intensity shockwave to the penis at 5 different sites and treatment sustained twice a week for 3 weeks to complete a cycle before reassessment with IIEF-5 questionnaire. Data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22.0. Results were represented in charts. P value of less than 0.005 was considered statistically significant. Results: Fifty four patients were enrolled in the study. The enrolled patients fell within the age ranges of 34 to 63 years. The identifiable etiology of ED were unknown in 22.22%, diabetes mellitus in 46.30%, hypertension in 18.52% and a combination of hypertension and diabetes in 13%. All patient enrolled for the study had varying degree of abnormal IIEF-5 score. Twelve patients (22.22%) had mild ED, eleven patients (20.37%) had mild to moderate ED, one patient (1.85%) had moderate ED and thirty patients (55.56%) had severe ED. All patients had varying significant improvement in erectile function and IIEF-5 score after the first treatment cycle. Eighteen patients (33.33%) achieved normal erection evidenced by progression to normal IIEF-5 while 36 patients (66.66%) achieved significant progress evidenced by improvement in IIEF-5 score. 4 patients had spontaneous erection that lasted more than 20 minutes during each treatment encounter. No patient had side effect and the patient satisfaction was one hundred percent. Conclusion: LiSWT remains revolutionary as a regenerative therapy for restoration to physiological erectile function possibly possessing unprecedented qualities that can rehabilitate erectile tissue. While results of several studies are variable, one thing that is found across many literatures is the low risk and lack of side effects of LiSWT. Its main benefit is the ability to support and potentially restore erectile function in men with ED without additional pharmacotherapy.
Abstract: Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as persistent inability to achieve and sustain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. The prevalence of ED increases with aging from 9% in men younger than 40 years to 71% in older men. ED impacts negatively on sexual performance and quality of life (QoL). Low-intensity shockwa...
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Research Article
An Empirical Study on Factors Shaping Effective Police Leadership for Crime Prevention in Bishoftu City
Fikadu Getachew Mideksa*
,
Fekadu Tefessa
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
112-122
Received:
16 October 2025
Accepted:
27 October 2025
Published:
3 December 2025
Abstract: This study examined the factors influencing police leadership effectiveness in crime prevention within the Bishoftu City Police Administration, Ethiopia. An explanatory sequential mixed-method design was employed, integrating quantitative survey data with qualitative interviews. Quantitative data from 100 officers were analyzed using multiple linear regression, probit regression, and Spearman correlation to identify determinants of leadership effectiveness. The results shows that poor communication and budget shortages negatively affected leadership effectiveness, whereas educational status, experience, leadership style, and follower commitment had positive and significant influences on leadership performance, explaining over 70% of the variance in effectiveness. Qualitative findings supported these results, highlighting the need for improved communication systems, adequate resource allocation, and leadership development programs. The study contributes empirical evidence to the limited literature on police leadership in Ethiopia and offers practical recommendations for enhancing crime prevention outcomes.
Abstract: This study examined the factors influencing police leadership effectiveness in crime prevention within the Bishoftu City Police Administration, Ethiopia. An explanatory sequential mixed-method design was employed, integrating quantitative survey data with qualitative interviews. Quantitative data from 100 officers were analyzed using multiple linea...
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Research Article
Effects of Norcantharidin on the Main Organs and Tissues of Mice
Kwang-Il To*,
Dong-Min Han,
Hong-Chol Ri,
Jong-Hyok Kim,
Gyong-Jin Mun,
Hui-Won Kim,
Jun-hyok Ryang,
Chong-Hyok Han
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
123-130
Received:
26 September 2025
Accepted:
18 October 2025
Published:
24 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.advances.20250604.13
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Abstract: Norcantharidin (NCTD), a demethylated derivative of cantharidin, reportedly exhibits various biological anticancer activities including apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation, cell-cycle blockage, induction of cell apoptosis, and anti-angiogenesis. NCTD is currently used as an anticancer drug for hepatoma, breast cancer and colorectal adenocarcinoma. However, the effects of NCTD on the organs and tissues in vivo remain largely unknown. Here, we pathologically examined the effects of NCTD on the organs and tissues including liver, heart, kidney, spleen and medulla in mice. After mice were treated with 60 daily intraperitoneal injections of NCTD (2.5 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg), toxicity on the heart and kidneys were not discovered but on the liver was a significant increase according to the injection dose and the date. The number of leucocytes had a tendency to rise in the peripheral blood test and there weren’t any pathological changes in the spleen and medulla. NCTD has no side effects on spleen and hematopoietic system and applying for a considerable period at a certain dose may not reduce the number of leucocyte but rather shows tendency of increasing which will have great influence on the onco-immune of the host. It is concluded that NCTD is suitable for the application of the anti-cancer treatment with no myelo-suppression.
Abstract: Norcantharidin (NCTD), a demethylated derivative of cantharidin, reportedly exhibits various biological anticancer activities including apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation, cell-cycle blockage, induction of cell apoptosis, and anti-angiogenesis. NCTD is currently used as an anticancer drug for hepatoma, breast cancer and colorectal adenocar...
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