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Research Article
The Significance of Providing the Optimal Micronutrients to the Preterm Low Birth Weight Infants to Prevent Long-Term Health Consequences
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
189-200
Received:
26 August 2025
Accepted:
9 September 2025
Published:
30 September 2025
Abstract: Premature infants have less nutritional storage capacity and an underdeveloped body, which makes them particularly susceptible to malnutrition. Nutrient surplus and deficiency are possibilities when supplemental feeding is unbalanced. However, little is known about what kids should eat once they are discharged from the hospital. Since many bodily processes depend on micronutrients, it's critical to plan supplemental nutrition with an optimum consumption in mind. This written summary describes the requirements for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), iron, zinc, vitamin D, calcium, and phosphate for premature newborns receiving supplemental feeding. The scientific community is beginning to acknowledge the advantages of giving premature babies iron and vitamin D supplements. But as of right now, there isn't enough information available to make firm recommendations about the addition of calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and LCPUFAs. Nonetheless, the health of premature infants depends on the following micronutrients: Large chain polyunsaturated fats (LCPUFAs) support the development of the retina and brain, while calcium and phosphorus dosages are necessary to prevent metabolic bone disease (MBD) in preterm infants. It is obvious how understanding the variability of the premature population may help adapt nutritional planning in connection to the development rate, comorbidities, and thorough clinical history of the preterm newborn, even while we wait for consensus on these micronutrients.
Abstract: Premature infants have less nutritional storage capacity and an underdeveloped body, which makes them particularly susceptible to malnutrition. Nutrient surplus and deficiency are possibilities when supplemental feeding is unbalanced. However, little is known about what kids should eat once they are discharged from the hospital. Since many bodily p...
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Case Report
Rheumatic Chorea Without Cardiac Involvement in a 10-Year-Old Girl from a Remote Area: Diagnostic and Management Challenges
Violita Iwamony*
,
Nyoman Gina Henny Kristianti
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
201-206
Received:
16 September 2025
Accepted:
30 September 2025
Published:
27 October 2025
Abstract: Rheumatic Chorea, also known as Sydenham Chorea, is a major neurological manifestation of acute rheumatic fever, an autoimmune complication following infection with Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS). It remains common in low- and middle-income countries, where limited healthcare access may delay diagnosis and increase the risk of complications, particulary cardiac. We report a case of a 10-year-old girl from a remote area who presented with involuntary movements, joint pain, and a history of throat infection one month prior to symptom onset. Laboratory tests showed elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and a positive Anti-streptolysin O (ASO) titer, indicating a recent streptococcal infection. Cardiac examination, including the electrocardiography (ECG), revealed no abnormalities. However, echocardiography, the gold standard for detecting subclinical carditis, was not performed due to lack of available resources. The patient was treated with haloperidol and trihexyphenidyl for chorea, penicillin G benzathine for eradication and prophylaxis of streotococcal infection, and aspirin for its anti-inflammatory effects. Clinical improvement was noted within one month of therapy. This case met the 2015 revised Jones criteria for moderate-risk populations, with major criteria including Sydenham chorea and polyarthralgia, and evidence of recent streptococcal infection (positive ASO). Absence of cardiac involvement may reflect early recognition and treatment, although echocardiography is required to exclude subclinical carditis. Symptomatic therapy and long-term antibiotic prophylaxis are crucial for preventing complications. Rheumatic Chorea can occur without cardiac involvement. Particularly in resource-limited remote areas, early diagnosis, adherence to Jones criteria, and secondary prophylaxis are essential to prevent long-term sequelae.
Abstract: Rheumatic Chorea, also known as Sydenham Chorea, is a major neurological manifestation of acute rheumatic fever, an autoimmune complication following infection with Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS). It remains common in low- and middle-income countries, where limited healthcare access may delay diagnosis and increase the risk of complicati...
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Review Article
The Importance of Prebiotics and Immuno-nutrients for Ensuring the Growth Milestones in Toddlerhood
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
207-217
Received:
4 October 2025
Accepted:
15 October 2025
Published:
31 October 2025
Abstract: The immune system development of children is influenced by the mother's nutritional state throughout pregnancy as well as the nutrients the unborn kid is exposed to through nursing and other meals. Micronutrients that are important for the development of the immune system in neonates include iron, zinc, and vitamins A, C, D, and E. both probiotics and prebiotics are essential for maintaining a healthy gut microbiota and a robust immune system. While probiotics directly add beneficial bacteria to the gut, prebiotics serve as food for these bacteria, enhancing their growth and activity. Together, they play a vital role in supporting immune function and overall health. Prebiotics also play a significant role in this process by acting as fertilizers to encourage the growth of healthy bacteria in the stomach. Micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) have an effect on the developing immune system; therefore, a meeting of specialists was arranged to talk about preventative and mitigating strategies. Immunological responses are largely determined by nutrition, and malnutrition is the leading cause of immunodeficiency worldwide. Protein-energy deprivation is associated with a significant decline in cell-mediated immunity, phagocyte activity, complement system, secretory immunoglobulin an antibody concentration, and cytokine production. Certain nutrient deficits cause altered immune responses, even in cases when the deficiency is fairly mild. The immune responses are significantly influenced by micronutrients such as folic acid, zinc, selenium, iron, copper, and vitamins A, C, E, and B-6. Additionally, overeating and obesity reduce immunity. Low birth weight babies' cell-mediated immunity is permanently compromised; this can be somewhat restored by adding more zinc to their diets. Prebiotics are inactive dietary ingredients that, when combined with immuno-nutrients, benefit the host by encouraging the growth and/or activity of a certain kind of bacteria in the colon. Government, development partners, non-governmental organizations, and academia must collaborate to increase the availability of basic and effective nutrition interventions, as well as those that address more stifling issues. These interventions include exclusive breastfeeding, appropriate supplemental feeding, micronutrient supplementation for children, adolescents, pregnant women, and lactating women, managing severe acute malnutrition and deworming, and hygiene interventions. The entire healthcare system needs to be revitalized in order to get over the obstacles that exist at the levels of policy, governance, and service delivery and to create demand for the services at the household level. Priority should also be devoted to stabilizing food prices and managing nutrition following natural disasters.
Abstract: The immune system development of children is influenced by the mother's nutritional state throughout pregnancy as well as the nutrients the unborn kid is exposed to through nursing and other meals. Micronutrients that are important for the development of the immune system in neonates include iron, zinc, and vitamins A, C, D, and E. both probiotics ...
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Research Article
The Beneficial Role of Right Amount and Quality of Protein for Ensuring Child Growth and Development of Bone and Muscle Mass
Shah Alam*,
Asma Ferdousi,
Susmita Biswas,
Ayesha Begum,
Mitra Datta,
Sunanda Shil,
Fahim Hasan Reza,
Mishu Talukdar
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
218-230
Received:
13 October 2025
Accepted:
27 October 2025
Published:
22 November 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajp.20251104.14
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Protein is a vital macronutrient, essential for growth, tissue repair, and immune function. However, the impact of elevated protein intake during childhood and adolescence remains controversial. While high protein intake in older adults is often recommended for maintaining muscle mass and preventing frailty, excessive intake in younger populations has raised concerns about potential health risks, particularly related to obesity. This review aims to update current literature on the long-term effects of protein consumption in children and adolescents (ages 4-18) and to explore emerging methods for evaluating protein metabolism in this age group. The RDA for protein varies based on age, sex, and activity level. Generally, it is suggested that children consume about 0.95-1.3 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day, depending on age and specific requirements. In many developed countries, children and adolescents often consume protein at levels 2-3 times higher than the RDA, potentially leading to both positive and negative health outcomes. Protein is critical for normal growth and development during childhood and adolescence. Adequate intake supports muscle development, immune function, and the production of hormones. Studies suggest that elevated protein intake may be linked to increased Fat-Free Mass Index (FFMI), which is beneficial for muscle development and overall body composition. High protein diets have been associated with increased satiety, which can help in managing appetite and potentially reducing overall caloric intake, thus contributing to healthier weight maintenance. Some evidence suggests a correlation between high protein intake in infancy and childhood and increased risk of obesity later in life. This association may be due to the overactivation of growth pathways and increased insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels. Excessive protein intake has been hypothesized to strain kidney function, especially in individuals with pre-existing kidney conditions. However, current evidence in healthy children and adolescents is inconclusive. This narrative review emphasizes the need for a nuanced understanding of protein intake in children and adolescents, considering both the benefits and potential risks associated with high protein consumption. As research evolves, dietary guidelines may need to be adjusted to reflect the latest findings.
Abstract: Protein is a vital macronutrient, essential for growth, tissue repair, and immune function. However, the impact of elevated protein intake during childhood and adolescence remains controversial. While high protein intake in older adults is often recommended for maintaining muscle mass and preventing frailty, excessive intake in younger populations ...
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