Research Article
Investigation of Avocado Pear (Persea americana) Seed Starch as Binder and Disintegrant in the Formulation of Paracetamol Tablet
Obarisiagbon Aiwaguore Johnbull*,
Aigbovo Esohe Joy,
Enadeghe Osaretin Davy,
Airemwen Collins Ovenseri,
Owolabi Tunde
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, June 2024
Pages:
29-38
Received:
18 October 2024
Accepted:
12 November 2024
Published:
16 December 2024
Abstract: Background: Avocado pear seeds are usually discarded as agricultural waste, the need arises therefore, to investigate their potentials as pharmaceutical excipients. Objective: The objective of this research was to extract, characterize, formulate and do in-vitro evaluation of the formulated paracetamol tablets. Methods: Ripe avocado (Persea americana) fruits were harvested in the month of April from a farm at Okada town. The seeds were authenticated by a taxonomist at the Department of Plant Biology, University of Benin, with Harbarium number UB/PB/24 0201. The seeds were prepared, dried and milled to fine powder and extracted using a standard procedure by Silva et al., 2013. The powder was subjected to phytochemical analysis and characterized for its micromeritic properties, and high-resolution analyses using differential scanning calorimetry, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffractometry. Batches of paracetamol granules were prepared with avocado starch powder as disintegrant (2.5 - 15%w/w) and starch mucilage as binder (5.0 – 15 %w/v) using the wet granulation method. Granule flow properties were investigated before compression into tablets. Tablets were evaluated for physicochemical properties and drug-excipient interaction was investigated using DSC and FTIR. Results: Phytochemistry shows presence of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and glycosides. The starch was light-brown, odorless, tasteless and smooth in texture. Slightly soluble in water at room temperature, melting point range 102 - 114°C, moisture content 22.7 ± 2.40%; hydration capacity 2.76 ± 1.20 (g/g), swelling and moisture sorption capacities of 46.43 ± 1.50% and 115.34 ± 1.55%, respectively. Thermogram exhibited a single sharp peak of the extracted starch, FTIR shows no interactions, SEM and XRD results confirmed semi-crystalline powder with fluffy discrete particles. Granules exhibited fair to good flow properties; the tablets were uniform in weight, mean hardness values ≥ 58.84 N, friability 0.14 -1.56 %, disintegration times 0.50 – 11.12 mins and variable drug release 72.78 - 90.67% in 1.0 h. sssConclusion: Tablets formulated with the extracted starch as disintegrant gave superior tablet properties, hence a viable local substitute that can be employed at higher concentrations as super-disintegrant and good mucilage binder at higher %w/v concentrations for oral solid dosage formulations.
Abstract: Background: Avocado pear seeds are usually discarded as agricultural waste, the need arises therefore, to investigate their potentials as pharmaceutical excipients. Objective: The objective of this research was to extract, characterize, formulate and do in-vitro evaluation of the formulated paracetamol tablets. Methods: Ripe avocado (Persea america...
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Research Article
Exploring Bio-Ethanol Production from Fruit Wastes Through Fermentation with Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Aspergillus Niger
Debebe Landina Lata*
,
Lukas Birhanu,
Mohammed Lengichow,
Getnet Degemu,
Tsegaye Atnaf,
Ayansa Kebenessa
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, June 2024
Pages:
39-45
Received:
4 December 2024
Accepted:
17 December 2024
Published:
30 December 2024
Abstract: Bioethanol, a sustainable alternative fuel derived from organic materials, is essential for addressing global energy demands and environmental concerns. This study aimed to produce bioethanol from banana and mango peels using co-cultures of Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae through a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process. Fully ripened banana and mango peels, obtained from a local market, were dried, ground into fine particles, and used as substrates for bioethanol production. The fermentation process was carried out by sequentially inoculating the substrates with Aspergillus niger to enhance starch hydrolysis, followed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae to facilitate fermentation. The process lasted for 7 days under controlled conditions, with a pH range of 5.5-6.0 and a temperature of 28±2°C. Among the tested samples, the mixed substrate of banana and mango peels yielded the highest ethanol concentration at 79% (w/v), while mango peels alone produced 74% and banana peels produced 71%. The enhanced performance of the mixed substrate highlights the synergistic effect of combining different fruit wastes. The presence of Aspergillus niger played a crucial role in breaking down complex starches into simpler sugars, enabling Saccharomyces cerevisiae to effectively convert these sugars into ethanol. This study demonstrates the potential of fruit waste, specifically banana and mango peels, as cost-effective and sustainable raw materials for bioethanol production, providing a promising alternative to fossil fuels. Future research should focus on optimizing fermentation conditions, exploring the potential of additional fruit waste substrates, and scaling up the process for commercial viability.
Abstract: Bioethanol, a sustainable alternative fuel derived from organic materials, is essential for addressing global energy demands and environmental concerns. This study aimed to produce bioethanol from banana and mango peels using co-cultures of Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae through a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)...
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