Research Article
Sustainable Water Management in Aquaculture: Comparing Eco-Friendly and Conventional Treatment Strategies (Fish Farm)
Osuntokun Oludare Temitope*
,
Yusuf-Babatunde Moruf Ademola,
Fapohunda Juliet Bisola
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
70-87
Received:
19 February 2026
Accepted:
3 March 2026
Published:
13 April 2026
Abstract: This study investigated the comparative effects of natural and chemical treatments on pond water samples obtained from the AAUA Fishery, with emphasis on microbial load reduction, diversity, antibiotic susceptibility, fungal occurrence, and molecular resistance gene detection. Treatments applied included Moringa oleifera leaf powder (0.5 g and 1 g), chlorine (0.5 g and 1 g), and direct sunlight exposure, while untreated samples served as controls. Microbiological analyses were performed using serial dilution, spread plating, colony morphology, Gram staining, and biochemical characterization, with bacterial identification supported by Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Fungal isolates were identified based on cultural and microscopic features, and antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. PCR amplification was used to detect selected antibiotic resistance genes. Results showed that 0.5 g of Moringa moderately reduced bacterial counts from 3.5 × 104 to 7.0 × 103 CFU/mL (10-3 dilution) and from 2.0 × 107 to 6.0 × 106 CFU/mL (10-6 dilution) over 6 h, while 1 g produced weaker inhibition. Sunlight treatment was more effective, lowering bacterial load from 6.0 × 104 to 7.0 × 103 CFU/mL and from 3.5 × 107 to 4.0 × 106 CFU/mL across dilutions. Chlorine was the most potent treatment, achieving complete elimination of bacterial growth within 4–6 h at both concentrations. Control samples only showed a natural decline in bacterial counts. Biochemical and colony analyses revealed diverse bacterial species, including Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus spp., Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterococcus faecalis, Corynebacterium sp., Vibrio cholerae, and Listeria monocytogenes. Antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that both Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, with inhibition zones ranging between 10 mm and 16 mm. Fungal isolates included Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus sydowii, Eurotium sp., and Aspergillus flavus. Molecular assays detected the presence of blaOXA and qnrA resistance genes, while blaNDM, blaTEM, blaSHV, tetA, tetB, and cmlA were not detected. These findings highlight the superior bactericidal effect of chlorine relative to Moringa oleifera and sunlight, Moringa oleifera become an alternative source to chlorine and its effects on multidrug resistant microorganisms in pond water, but also reveal the persistence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and fungi in treated pond water. The study underscores the need for integrated water treatment approaches and continuous monitoring to safeguard aquaculture productivity and public health.
Abstract: This study investigated the comparative effects of natural and chemical treatments on pond water samples obtained from the AAUA Fishery, with emphasis on microbial load reduction, diversity, antibiotic susceptibility, fungal occurrence, and molecular resistance gene detection. Treatments applied included Moringa oleifera leaf powder (0.5 g and 1 g)...
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Research Article
Phytochemical Screening and Molecular Targets Binding Ability of Selected Bioactive Compounds in the Fruit Extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
88-102
Received:
24 October 2025
Accepted:
4 November 2025
Published:
27 July 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.jdmp.20261202.12
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Abstract: In addition to the highly valued sweet and aromatic fragrance of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit, it is used in ethnomedicine to treat and manage a wide range of diseased conditions. In this study, the methanol extract of the fruits of Tetrapleura tetraptera was analyzed by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty-six different phytochemical compounds and their percentages have been characterized including: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl(2,3-trans-Catechin) (3.10%), 9-Octadecenal (3.96%), hexadecane (3.16%), pinene (4.80%), 1-methyl-4-cyclohexene (7.45%), humulene (3.60%), carbonic acid (3.34%), ferulic acid (4.03%), 5,6-dihydroxy-7-Oglucuronide flavone (22.46%), 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (8.08%) and oleic acid (10.99%). Molecular docking was done using the Maestro Schrodinger suite and glide tool which uses a genetic algorithm to optimize the placement of ligands within a receptor binding site, and employs an empirical scoring function to evaluate and rank the binding affinity between a ligand and a receptor. Molecular docking showed that bioactive compounds in the fruit extract; Naringenin and Hesperidin exhibit strong binding affinities to receptors of interest; AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which are diabetes and hypertension-related target proteins; facilitating insightful structural assessments and predictive analyses. The interaction network of Naringenin and Metformin with AMPK residues showed that Naringenin exhibits greater interaction stability, stronger binding affinity and lower binding energy compared to Metformin, suggesting a potentially higher interaction with the protein target. The interaction network of Hesperidin and Nitroglycerine with eNOS amino acid residues also showed that Hesperidin forms a greater number of stabilizing interactions with more diverse interaction network compared to Nitroglycerine, indicating a stronger and more stable interaction which may contribute to its stronger binding affinity. These findings present T. tetraptera as a promising reservoir of active pharmaceutical ingredients warranting further exploration for novel therapeutic avenues and gives credence to the use of T. tetraptera in herbal medicine for the treatment of various diseases.
Abstract: In addition to the highly valued sweet and aromatic fragrance of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit, it is used in ethnomedicine to treat and manage a wide range of diseased conditions. In this study, the methanol extract of the fruits of Tetrapleura tetraptera was analyzed by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty-six different phytochem...
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