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A Filtration Process to Remove Crystals Out of Urine Sample for Gas Analysis

Received: 24 September 2019     Accepted: 17 April 2020     Published: 12 June 2020
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Abstract

A majority of kidney stones are calcium stones, with calcium oxalate (CaOx) and calcium phosphate (CaP) accounting for approximately 80% of all of these stones. Especially, alkalic urine predisposes calcium phosphate to form crystals. Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) patients easily lead to alkaline urine (pH>6.5) meanwhile are prone to free calcium from bone due to acidosis in vivo, and then cause osteoporosis and hypercalciuria. It is easy to form tiny calcium phosphate stones in urine since alkali status. Thus tiny crystals may clog pipes inside of the instrument during analysis for urine sample and it cannot provide the correct data to distinguish the types of renal tubular acidosis. In this paper, we use Minisart 0.20 um filter to filtrate the urine samples, to remove the crystals and then protect the machine. It can also avoid centrifugal heat which may cause evaporation of the volatile components and leads to errors of gas analysis. Results: We make an effective differential diagnosis of a recurrent renal stone patient. We also performed the sodium bicarbonate loading test kidney stone patients and finally diagnosed as Sjögren's syndrome induced secondary distal renal tubular acidosis.

Published in Asia-Pacific Journal of Medicine (Volume 3, Issue 2)
Page(s) 9-13
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Sjögren's Syndrome, Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis, NaHCO3 Loading Test, Fractional Excretion of HCO3-(FE HCO3)

References
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[2] Sodi R, Godber IM. Effect of refrigeration, centrifugation, acidification, heat treatment and storage on urine calcium, magnesium and phosphate. Clin Chem Lab Med 2016; 54 (12): e379-e381.
[3] Han JS, Kim GH, Kim J, et al. Secretory-defect distal renal tubular acidosis is associated with transporter defect in H+-ATPase and anion exchanger-1. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13: 1425–32.
[4] Evan AP. Physiopathology and etiology of stone formation in the kidney and the urinary tract. Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25 (5): 831-41.
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[7] Kim S1, Lee JW, Park J, Na KY, Joo KW, Ahn C, Kim S, Lee JS, Kim GH, Kim J, Han JS. The urine-blood PCO gradient as a diagnostic index of H+-ATPase defect distal renal tubular acidosis. Kidney Int 2004; 66 (2): 761-7.
[8] Yaxley J, Pirrone C. Review of the Diagnostic Evaluation of Renal Tubular Acidosis. Ochsner J 2016; 16 (4): 525-530.
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[17] Comer DM, Droogan AG, Young IS, et al. Hypokalaemic paralysis precipitated by distal renal tubular acidosis secondary to Sjögren's syndrome. Ann Clin Biochem 2008; 45: 221-5.
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Ping Liu, Miaopei Chen, Mingjie Zhang, Lijuan Lu, Chienwen Chen. (2020). A Filtration Process to Remove Crystals Out of Urine Sample for Gas Analysis. Asia-Pacific Journal of Medicine, 3(2), 9-13.

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    ACS Style

    Ping Liu; Miaopei Chen; Mingjie Zhang; Lijuan Lu; Chienwen Chen. A Filtration Process to Remove Crystals Out of Urine Sample for Gas Analysis. Asia-Pac. J. Med. 2020, 3(2), 9-13.

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    AMA Style

    Ping Liu, Miaopei Chen, Mingjie Zhang, Lijuan Lu, Chienwen Chen. A Filtration Process to Remove Crystals Out of Urine Sample for Gas Analysis. Asia-Pac J Med. 2020;3(2):9-13.

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  • @article{10043417,
      author = {Ping Liu and Miaopei Chen and Mingjie Zhang and Lijuan Lu and Chienwen Chen},
      title = {A Filtration Process to Remove Crystals Out of Urine Sample for Gas Analysis},
      journal = {Asia-Pacific Journal of Medicine},
      volume = {3},
      number = {2},
      pages = {9-13},
      url = {https://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/article/10043417},
      abstract = {A majority of kidney stones are calcium stones, with calcium oxalate (CaOx) and calcium phosphate (CaP) accounting for approximately 80% of all of these stones. Especially, alkalic urine predisposes calcium phosphate to form crystals. Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) patients easily lead to alkaline urine (pH>6.5) meanwhile are prone to free calcium from bone due to acidosis in vivo, and then cause osteoporosis and hypercalciuria. It is easy to form tiny calcium phosphate stones in urine since alkali status. Thus tiny crystals may clog pipes inside of the instrument during analysis for urine sample and it cannot provide the correct data to distinguish the types of renal tubular acidosis. In this paper, we use Minisart 0.20 um filter to filtrate the urine samples, to remove the crystals and then protect the machine. It can also avoid centrifugal heat which may cause evaporation of the volatile components and leads to errors of gas analysis. Results: We make an effective differential diagnosis of a recurrent renal stone patient. We also performed the sodium bicarbonate loading test kidney stone patients and finally diagnosed as Sjögren's syndrome induced secondary distal renal tubular acidosis.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - A Filtration Process to Remove Crystals Out of Urine Sample for Gas Analysis
    AU  - Ping Liu
    AU  - Miaopei Chen
    AU  - Mingjie Zhang
    AU  - Lijuan Lu
    AU  - Chienwen Chen
    Y1  - 2020/06/12
    PY  - 2020
    T2  - Asia-Pacific Journal of Medicine
    JF  - Asia-Pacific Journal of Medicine
    JO  - Asia-Pacific Journal of Medicine
    SP  - 9
    EP  - 13
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    UR  - http://www.sciencepg.com/article/10043417
    AB  - A majority of kidney stones are calcium stones, with calcium oxalate (CaOx) and calcium phosphate (CaP) accounting for approximately 80% of all of these stones. Especially, alkalic urine predisposes calcium phosphate to form crystals. Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) patients easily lead to alkaline urine (pH>6.5) meanwhile are prone to free calcium from bone due to acidosis in vivo, and then cause osteoporosis and hypercalciuria. It is easy to form tiny calcium phosphate stones in urine since alkali status. Thus tiny crystals may clog pipes inside of the instrument during analysis for urine sample and it cannot provide the correct data to distinguish the types of renal tubular acidosis. In this paper, we use Minisart 0.20 um filter to filtrate the urine samples, to remove the crystals and then protect the machine. It can also avoid centrifugal heat which may cause evaporation of the volatile components and leads to errors of gas analysis. Results: We make an effective differential diagnosis of a recurrent renal stone patient. We also performed the sodium bicarbonate loading test kidney stone patients and finally diagnosed as Sjögren's syndrome induced secondary distal renal tubular acidosis.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Hemodialysis Center of Likang Hospital, Tangshan, China

  • Department of Medical Research of Pingtung Christian Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan

  • Hemodialysis Center of Likang Hospital, Tangshan, China

  • Hemodialysis Center of Likang Hospital, Tangshan, China

  • Hemodialysis Center of Likang Hospital, Tangshan, China

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