Volumetric, Ultrasonic and Viscometric Studies of Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures of Isopropyl Benzene (Cumene) with Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 298.15K

Dhirendra Kumar Sharma; Chandrapal Prajapati; Suneel Kumar

doi:doi:10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11

Research Article |

| Peer-Reviewed

Volumetric, Ultrasonic and Viscometric Studies of Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures of Isopropyl Benzene (Cumene) with Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 298.15K

Dhirendra Kumar Sharma^*

, Chandrapal Prajapati

, Suneel Kumar

Published in World Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 11, Issue 1)

Received: 24 January 2026 Accepted: 4 February 2026 Published: 26 February 2026

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Theoretical and experimental research on binary liquid mixtures of isopropyl benzene (cumene) with aromatic hydrocarbons at 298.15 K is presented in this article. For these binary mixtures, experimental measurements of the density (ρ), viscosity (η), and speed of sound (u) have been made at 298.15 K. The excess molar volume (), excess adiabatic compressibility (), excess sound velocity (uᴱ), and deviation in viscosity (ηᴱ) have all been computed from the experimental measurements. These excess parameters have been correlated using the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. Positive excess properties were discovered, reflecting the distinctive behavior of the liquid mixtures and suggesting the existence of particular molecular interactions. Significant specific interactions between the components, mainly controlled by molecular association, are suggested by the positive values of the excess properties. The molecular structure and intrinsic characteristics of the liquid mixtures determine how strong these interactions are in liquid mixtures. The results indicated the presence of weak interactions between 1,4-dioxane and aromatic hydrocarbon molecules, which follows the order: Ethyl benzene > toluene > mesitylene > n-propyl benzene> tert-butyl benzene > biphenyl. It is observed that the interactions depend on the number and position of the methyl groups in these aromatic hydrocarbons. The observed trends in the following systems indicate weak to moderate interactions, primarily π–π and solute-solvent interaction.

Published in	World Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 11, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11
Page(s)	1-13
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Binary Mixtures, Density, Viscosity, Speed of Sound, Adiabatic Compressibility, Molar Volume, Cumene, Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Molecular Interaction

1. Introduction

Research on the transport and thermodynamic characteristics of binary liquid mixtures provides important information about how molecules interact with one another. While there is a wealth of literature on the density, sound speed, and viscosity of liquid mixtures, thorough studies that incorporate all three factors are still rather rare. We here provide the density, viscosity, and sound speed data for binary mixtures of isopropyl benzene (cumene) with aromatic hydrocarbons at 298.15 K, building on our previous research

[1-5]

on binary mixtures of cyclic diether with n-alcohols. Previous studies have documented the impact of branching and alkyl chain length on solute-solvent interactions

[6]

. The current study's goals are broadly applicable to large-scale chemical production systems. Specifically, isopropyl benzene (cumene) is used extensively as an industrial solvent and in the production of phenol, acetone, and high-octane fuel additives. Printing, textile dyeing, and the production of methyl styrene are just a few of the industries that employ n-propyl benzene as a non-polar organic solvent. Isopropyl benzene (cumene) is a naturally occurring chemical found in coal tar and petroleum. It is insoluble in water but readily soluble in many organic solvents. Cumene is primarily utilised as a feedstock for the synthesis of phenol and its co-product, acetone. It is also applied as a solvent for fats and resins. In industrial applications, where such solvent combinations can operate as selective media for a variety of chemical processes, the thermodynamic properties of isopropyl benzene (cumene) in mixes with aromatic hydrocarbons are of great interest. Data on the thermodynamic properties of these chemicals and their binary mixtures are vital for the calculation, design, and modeling of technical processes and equipment in chemical manufacturing. Measurements using ultrasound can reveal important details about the interactions and physical condition of liquid mixtures. Understanding the thermodynamic, acoustic, and transport behavior of liquid-liquid mixtures depends heavily on their ultrasonic characteristics. Both pure liquids and their mixes can be described using ultrasonic characteristics. The nature of molecular interactions in a liquid system can be determined from the propagation of ultrasonic vibrations through the liquid. Operations like distillation, extraction, and crystallization can be designed using the surplus thermodynamic properties of liquid mixtures. The textile, chemical, food processing, leather, and pharmaceutical sectors, as well as material testing and cleaning, are just a few of the businesses that use the understanding of ultrasonic qualities.

Strong dipole-induced dipole interactions between the aromatic rings' π-electron clouds provide an explanation for the excess molar volumes. Temperature also affects the surplus molar volume's size. For binary mixes of isopropyl benzene (cumene) and aromatic hydrocarbons, the interactions between esters and hydrocarbons have been investigated

[7]

. By obtaining different thermodynamic parameters from volumetric, viscometric, and acoustic measurements of the binary mixtures, we have examined the thermodynamic characteristics of the previously mentioned mixtures in order to clarify the type and strength of interactions between the constituents.

For binary mixtures of isopropyl benzene (cumene) with aromatic hydrocarbons at 298.15 K, we report measurements of the speed of sound (u), density (ρ), and viscosity (η), as well as the derived excess properties, such as excess sound velocity (uᴱ), viscosity deviation (ηᴱ), excess molar volume (

V_{m}^{E}

) and excess adiabatic compressibility (

β_{ad}^{E}

). The following binary liquid mixtures were examined in this work:

(i) Cumene, or isopropyl benzene Ethyl benzene (ii) Isopropyl benzene (Cumene) - Toluene (iii) Isopropyl benzene (Cumene) - Mesitylene (iv) Isopropyl benzene (Cumene) - n-propyl benzene (v) Isopropyl benzene (Cumene) - t-butyle benzene (vi) Isopropyl benzene (Cumene) – Biphenyl.

2.ExperimentalProcedure

2.1. Material

The chemicals used in the present work were of high-purity laboratory reagent grade, including isopropyl benzene (cumene), ethyl benzene, toluene, mesitylene, n-propyl benzene, tert-butyl benzene, and biphenyl, all purchased from CDH Ltd., New Delhi, India. The chemicals were stored over sodium hydroxide pellets for several days and kept in tightly sealed bottles to minimize the absorption of atmospheric moisture. The purity of each solvent was confirmed by comparing the measured density, dynamic viscosity, and sound velocity of the pure components at 298.15 K with the corresponding values reported in the literature

[8]	Hanan, E.; El-saye, M.; Abdul-Fattah, A. Asfour.; Density and viscosity of the regular quinary system: Benzene (1) + Toluene (2) + Ethyl benzene (3) + Heptane (4) + Cyclooctane (5) and its quaternary sub-systems at 293.15 and 298.15K. J. Solution Chem. 2013, 42, 136-150. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10953-012-9950-0 View Article
[9]	Rattan, V. K.; Singh, S.; Sethi, B. P.S.; Viscosity, density and Ultrasonic velocities of binary mixtures of Ethyl benzene with ethanol, 1-propanol and 1-butanol at (298.15 and 308.15) K. J. Chem. Engg. Data, 2004, 49, 1074 - 1077. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/je049912x View Article
[10]	Riddick, J. A.; Bunger, W. B.; Sakano, T. K.; Organic solvents: Physical properties and Methods of Purification, 4thed.; Willey Interscience:NewYork,1986; https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2259333 View Article
[11]	Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A & M University, College Station, T RC Thermodynamic Tables Hydrocarbons, Suppl. No. 1988; 92. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/TRC_Thermodynamic_Tables.html?id=vClCAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y View Article
[12]	Nain, A. K.; Chand, D.; Correlation between molecular interactions and excess thermodynamic parameters of binary mixtures. J. Pure Appl. Ultrason. 2021, 43, 8-16. https://docs.google.com/gview?url= http://www.ultrasonicsindia.org/USI-43(1-2)2021.pdf&embedded=true View Article
[13]	Aralaguppi, M. I.; Aminabhav, T. M.; Harogoppad, S. B.; Balindgi, R. H.; Thermodynamic interactions in binary mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide with benzene, toluene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, and methoxybenzene from 298.15 to 308.15 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1992, 37, 298.
[14]	Sarkar, B. K.; Choudhury, A.; Sinha, B.; Excess molar volume, excess viscosities and ultrasonic speed of sound of binary mixtures of 1,2-Dimethoxyethane with some aromatic liquids at 298.15K. J. Solution Chem. 2012, 41, 53-74. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10953-011-9780-5 View Article
[15]	Nain, A. K.; Ultrasonic and viscometric studies of molecular interactions in binary mixtures of tetra hydro furan with some aromatic hydrocarbons at temperatures from 288.15 to 318.145K. Physics and Chemistry of Liquids. 2007, 45(4), 371-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/00319100701230405 View Article
[16]	Resa, J. M.; Gonzalez, C.; Concha, R. G.; Iglesias M, Prieto S, Diez E. Mixing properties of propyl acetate + aromatic hydrocarbons at 298.15K. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2006, 23(1), 93-101. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02705698 View Article
[17]	TRC thermodynamic tables, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX: 1994. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-74140-1_6 View Article
[18]	Resa, J. M.; Gonzalez, C.; Ortiz, de. L.; Lanz, J.; Densities, excess molar volume and refractive indices of ethyl acetate and aromatic hydrocarbon binary mixtures. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2002, 34 (7), 995. https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-journal-of-chemical-thermodynamics/vol/34/issue/7 View Article
[19]	D. K. Sharma, C. P. Prajapati, S. Kumar, Density, Ultrasonic Velocity, Viscosity and their Excess Parameters of Some Binary Liquid Mixtures of Cumene with Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 298.15 K. Der Pharma Chemica.2024, 16(2), 301-306. https://www.derpharmachemica.com/archive/dpc-volume-16-issue-2-year-2024.html View Article
[20]	Saleh, M. A.; Habibullah, M.; Ahmed, S.; Excess molar volume and viscosities of some alkanols with Cumene. Physics and Chemistry of liquids, 2006, 44(1), 31- 43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00319100500287853 View Article
[21]	Aktar, S.; Abdur, Rahman. M.; Shahadat, Hossian. M..; Akhtar, S.; Excess molar volume and deviation in viscosity of the binary liquid mixtures of 1-Pentanol + Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 298.15K. European Scientific Journal. 2015, 11(5), 213-225. https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj View Article
[22]	Page, M.; Huot, J.; Jolicoeur, A.; Comprehensive thermodynamic investigation of water-ethanolamine mixtures at 10, 25 and 40°C. Can. J. Chem. 1993, 45, 1064-1072. https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/journal/canadian-journal-of-chemistry/issues View Article
[23]	Tsierkezos, N. G.; Palaiologou, M. M.; Molinou, I. E.; Densities and Viscosities of 1-Pentanol binary mixtures at 293.15K. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 2000, 45, 272-275. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/je9902138 View Article
[24]	Kumar, M.; Rattan, V. K.; Thermophysical properties for binary mixture of Di methyl sulfoxide and isopropyl benzene at various temperatures. Journal of Thermodynamics. 2013, 23. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/6962 View Article
[25]	Riddick, J. A.; Bunger, W. B.; Techniques of Chemistry, Organic Solvents, Volume II, Wiley-Inter sciences: New York, 1970.; https://archive.org/details/organicsolventsp0000ridd View Article
[26]	Fujii, Sh.; Tamura, K.; Murakam, S.; Thermodynamic properties of (an alkyl benzene+ cyclo hexane) at the temperature 298.15 K. J. Chem. Thermodynamics. 1995, 27, 1319-28. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021961485701401 View Article
[27]	Prak, D. L.; Graft, S. L.; Johnson, Th. R.; Cowart, J. S.; Trulove, P. C.; Binary mixtures of aromatic compounds (n-Propyl benzene, 1, 3, 5-trimethylbenzene, and 1, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene) with 2, 2, 4, 6, 6-pentamethylheptane: densities, viscosities, speeds of sound, bulk moduli, surface tensions, and flash points at 0.1 MPa. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2020, 65, 2625-2641. https://pubs.acs.org/toc/jceaax/65/5 View Article
[28]	Padmanaban, R. K.; Gayathri, Ahobilam.; Kapoor, S.; Iyengar, G. A.; Lee, Dong-Eun.; Kannan, V.; Karthikeyan, V.; Assi, D. A.; Vellaisamy, Roy, A. L.; Comparative Evaluation of Thermophysical and Acoustical Properties of Binary Mixtures of Cumene + Methyl Acetate and Cumene + Ethyl Acetate over the Range of Molar Compositions and Temperatures from 298.15 to 318.15 K: Experimental Measurements and Application of Deviation Modeling. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 2025, 70, 3491−3508. https://pubs.acs.org/toc/jceaax/70/9 View Article
[29]	Wankhede, D. S.; Isentropic Compressibility for Binary Mixtures of Propylene Carbonate with Benzene and Substituted Benzene. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society. 2012, 56(1),7-13. https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=4700152644&tip=sid&clean=0 View Article
[30]	Bhatia, S. C.; Ruman, R.; Bhatia, R.; Viscosities, densities, speeds of sound and refractive indices of binary mixtures of o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, ethylbenzene and mesitylene with 1-decanol at 298.15 and 308.15 K. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2011,159, 132-141. https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-molecular-liquids/vol/159/issue/3 View Article

[8-30]

, as summarized in Table 2.

Table 1. The details of the chemicals used, including their CAS Registry Numbers and mass fraction purities, are provided in Table 1.

Component	Formula	CAS Reg. No.	Supplier	Mass Fraction Purity (%)	Water Content	Method Purity analysis method
Cumene	C₉H₁₂	80-15-9	CDH, (P) Ltd. New Delhi, India	99.5%	0.1%	Double distillation
Mesitylene	C₉H₁₂	108-67-8	CDH, (P) Ltd. New Delhi, India	99.0%	0.01%	Double distillation
Ethyl benzene	C₈H₁₀	100-41-4	CDH, (P) Ltd. New Delhi, India	99.5%	0.1%	Double distillation
Toluene	C₇H₈	108-88-3	CDH, (P) Ltd. New Delhi, India	99.5%	0.1%	Double distillation
n-Propyl benzene	C₉H₁₂	103-65-1	CDH, (P) Ltd. New Delhi, India	99.3%	0.01%	Double distillation
t-Butyl benzene	C₁₀H₁₄	98-06-6	CDH, (P) Ltd. New Delhi, India	99.5%	0.1%	Double distillation
Biphenyl	C₁₂H₁₀	92-52-4	CDH, (P) Ltd. New Delhi, India	99.0%	0.05%	Double distillation

2.2. Measurements

Six binary systems were studied: isopropyl benzene (cumene) + ethyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + toluene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + mesitylene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + n-propyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + tert-butyl benzene, and isopropyl benzene (cumene) + biphenyl. Each sample mixture was prepared on a mass basis by mixing the calculated amounts of the liquid components in specially designed glass-stoppered bottles. All binary mixtures were prepared by accurately weighing components across the entire range of mole fractions. The components of the binary mixtures were injected using a syringe into glass vials sealed with rubber stoppers to minimize evaporation losses during sample preparation. All six binary liquid mixtures were prepared by accurately weighing the appropriate amounts of pure liquids using a digital electronic balance (Citizen Scale (I) Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India) with a precision of ±0.1 mg. The experimental uncertainty in the mole fractions did not exceed ±0.0005. For each binary system, five samples were prepared, and their densities, viscosities, and sound velocities were measured on the same day.

2.2.1. Density

The densities of pure components and binary mixtures were measured using a 25 ml specific gravity bottle by the relative measurement method, with an accuracy of ±0.01 g.cm^-3. The specific gravity bottle containing the experimental mixture was immersed in a temperature-controlled water bath (MSI Goyal Scientific, Meerut, U.P., India), operating over a temperature range of –10°C to 85°C with an accuracy of ±0.1°C. Double-distilled water was used to calibrate the specific gravity bottle. For each composition, measurements were generally repeated at least three times, and the results were appropriately treated to ensure accuracy.

2.2.2. Viscosity

Viscosities were determined using a calibrated Ostwald viscometer. Care was taken to ensure that the capillary was perfectly vertical while mounting the viscometer in a water bath maintained at 298.15 ± 0.04 K. The viscometer containing the sample liquid was equilibrated in the water bath for 30 minutes prior to measuring the flow time. A digital stopwatch with a readability of 0.01 s was used to record the flow times. Each measurement was repeated at least five times, and the average values were used in all subsequent calculations.

2.2.3. Sound Velocity

The speed of sound (u) in the solutions was measured at a frequency of 3 MHz using the interferometric method (Model F-80D, Mittal Enterprise, New Delhi, India) at 298.15 K. A fixed-frequency generator operating at 3 MHz was used. At its resonant frequency, the crystal undergoes rapid mechanical oscillations, producing ultrasonic waves. These ultrasonic waves propagate through the liquid in the vessel, producing effects such as cavitation, acoustic streaming, and enhanced mixing. The interferometer cell was filled with the test liquid, with water circulated around the measuring cell from a water bath. The experimental uncertainty in the speed of sound measurements was estimated to be ±0.1%. The measured ultrasonic velocities of pure isopropyl benzene (cumene), ethyl benzene, toluene, mesitylene, n-propyl benzene, tert-butyl benzene, and biphenyl are in good agreement with the corresponding values reported in the literature. The ultrasonic velocity, u /ms⁻¹ were computed using the standard relation:

u =f×λ (1)

where f is the operating frequency (3 MHz) and λ is the measured wavelength of the ultrasonic wave in the solution.

Table2.Viscosity (η), Sound Velocity (u), and Density (ρ) for Pure Components at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure are compared between experimental and literature values.

component	Density(ρ)g.cm^-3		Ultrasonic Velocities (u) m.s^-1		Viscosity(η) mPa.s
component	Observed	Literature	Observed	Literature	Observed	Literature
Cumene	0.8532	0.8581²¹	1326	1325²⁶	0.7337	0.7388²¹
		0.5574²²		1308³⁰		0.7390²²
Mesitylene	0.8616	0.8612¹⁸	1338	1336¹⁸	0.6049	0.667²⁷
		0.8611¹⁹		1336²⁰		0.660³²
Ethyl benzene	0.8674	0.8620⁵	1324	1312⁵	0.6299	0.628⁵
		0.8626⁶		1319³⁰		0.6373⁵
Toluene	0.8576	0.8624⁴	1306	1307¹¹	0.6026	0.5525¹⁶
		0.8622⁷		1309¹³		0.5531¹⁷
n-Propyl benzene	0.8624	0.8577²³	1315	1320²⁸	0.7931	0.7995²⁵
		0.8577²⁴		1320²⁹		0.7827²³
t-Butyl benzene	0.8624	0.8624¹⁹	1316	1315¹⁸	0.7449	NA
		0.8622¹⁸		1315²⁰		NA
Biphenyl	0.7920	NA	1118	NA	0.6108	NA

NA: Data not available

3. Theoretical

The excess sound velocity (uᴱ) was calculated from the experimental ultrasonic velocities of the pure components and their binary mixtures using the relation:

u^E= u_1,2- u₁X₁+ u₂X₂(2)

In this equation, u₁,₂ represents the ultrasonic velocity of the mixture, while u₁ and u₂, and X₁ and X₂ denote the ultrasonic velocities and mole fractions of component liquids 1 and 2, respectively. The ultrasonic velocity (u), density (ρ), and viscosity (η) of pure liquids and their mixtures at various concentrations were measured at 298.15 K.

The excess viscosity (ηᴱ) as a function of mole fraction was calculated using the following relation:

η^{E} (mPa . s) = η_{12} - \sum_{i = 0}^{2} X_{i} η_{i}

(3)

In this equation, 𝑥_𝑖, 𝜂_𝑖, and 𝜂₁₂ refer, respectively, to the mole fraction and viscosities of the 𝑖^th pure component and of the binary mixture.

Experimental values of density (ρ), viscosity (η), and speed of sound (u) for the mixtures at 298.15 K are listed as a function of mole fraction in Table 3. The density values were used to calculate the molar volumes (Vₘ) using the following equation:

V_m=

\frac{(X_{1} M_{1} + X_{2} M_{2})}{ρ}

(4)

The speed of sound (u) was used to calculate the isentropic (adiabatic) compressibility (

β_{ad}

) using the following equation. The adiabatic compressibility (

β_{ad}

) is generally determined from:

β_{ad}

\frac{1}{u^{2} ρ}

(5)

In this equation, ρ is the density (in g.cm^-3 or kg.m^-3) and u is the speed of sound (in ms⁻¹ or cm.s⁻¹). This equation is based on the relationship between compressibility and the propagation of sound waves in a medium. A lower speed of sound in a liquid corresponds to a higher compressibility.

The excess isentropic (adiabatic) compressibility,

β_{ad}^{E}

, was calculated using the following relation:

β_{ad}^{E}

= β_ad12- X₁β_ad1- X₂β_ad2(6)

In this equation, β_ad12 is the experimental isentropic compressibility of the mixture; while X₁, X₂ and β_ad1, β_ad2 represent the mole fractions and isentropic compressibilities of the pure components, respectively.

The excess parameters for all acoustic properties were calculated using the following relation:

A^{E}

A_{\exp .}

– A_ideal(7)

In this equation, A_ideal= X₁A₁ + X₂A₂, where A represents any acoustic parameter, and X₁and X₂are the mole fractions of isopropyl benzene and the aromatic hydrocarbon, respectively.

4. Result and Discussion

The experimental values of densities, sound velocity and viscosities of the hydrocarbons are compared with the literature values and are presented in Table 2. It was found that the experimental values are in proximity with the literature values. Insufficient data on densities, viscosities and sound velocity of pure cumene with ethyl benzene, toluene, mesitylene, n-propyl benzene, tert-butyl benzene, and biphenyl, is available. The densities, 𝜌, viscosities, 𝜂, and sound velocity, u, of binary mixtures were measured at 298.15 ± 0.01 K as a function of the composition of the corresponding binary mixtures. The results of the study are presented in Table 3. A perusal of Table 3 shows that the sound velocity increase with mole fraction of isopropyl benzene (Cumene) increases for all the binary mixtures. Ultrasonic wave are high frequency mechanical waves. Their velocities in a medium depend inversely on density and the compressibility of the medium.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 1. Scheme1. Interactions between Isopropyl Benzene with Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 298.15K.

Table 3. Density (ρ), Sound Velocity (u), Viscosity (η), calculated parameter Adiabatic Compressibility

{(β}_{ad})

, and Molar Volume (Vₘ) of Binary Mixtures of Isopropyl Benzene with Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 298.15 K.

Mole fraction Cumene (x₁)	Density (ρ)g.cm^-3	Viscosity( $η$ ) mPa.s	Speed of Sound (u) ms^-1	Adiabatic compressibility ${(β}_{ad})$ ×10^-7Pa^-1	Molar volume (V_m) × 10^-3cm³.mole^-1
Isopropyl benzene + ethyl benzene
0.0000	0.8630	0.6345	1308	0.6773	123.02
0.1193	0.8612	0.6472	1310	0.6763	125.16
0.2209	0.8600	0.6633	1314	0.6758	126.98
0.3312	0.8596	0.6715	1316	0.6751	128.97
0.4397	0.8592	0.3882	1317	0.6745	130.94
0.5319	0.8588	0.6931	1318	0.6739	132.61
0.6395	0.8580	0.7042	1320	0.6721	134.52
0.7301	0.8572	0.7124	1321	0.6709	136.13
0.8315	0.8564	0.7198	1322	0.6694	137.90
0.9313	0.8554	0.7249	1324	0.6681	139.66
1.0000	0.8532	0.7337	1326	0.6666	140.87
Isopropyl benzene + toluene
0.0000	0.8672	0.5691	1312	0.6699	106.25
0.1193	0.8628	0.5801	1314	0.6697	110.26
0.2209	0.8612	0.6046	1315	0.6695	113.82
0.3312	0.8600	0.6293	1316	0.6693	117.53
0.4397	0.8592	0.6457	1318	0.6691	121.23
0.5319	0.8584	0.6706	1390	0.669	124.43
0.6395	0.8576	0.6869	1320	0.6686	128.18
0.7301	0.8568	0.7032	1321	0.6682	131.44
0.8315	0.8556	0.7191	1322	0.6677	134.95
0.9313	0.8544	0.7266	1324	0.6671	138.42
1.0000	0.8532	0.7337	1326	0.6666	140.87
Isopropyl benzene + meistylene
0.0000	0.8616	0.6049	1338	0.6483	139.50
0.1193	0.8612	0.6216	1336	0.6509	139.59
0.2209	0.8608	0.6384	1335	0.653	139.66
0.3312	0.8604	0.6551	1334	0.6552	139.74
0.4397	0.8600	0.6718	1333	0.6574	139.76
0.5319	0.8596	0.6885	1332	0.6591	139.85
0.6395	0.8592	0.6967	1331	0.6608	139.89
0.7301	0.8588	0.7048	1330	0.6626	140.05
0.8315	0.8584	0.713	1329	0.6643	140.38
0.9313	0.8576	0.7293	1328	0.6658	140.54
1.0000	0.8532	0.7337	1326	0.6666	140.87
Isopropyl benzene + n-propyl benzene
0.0000	0.8624	0.7931	1315	0.6706	138.61
0.1193	0.8620	0.7896	1316	0.6703	138.90
0.2209	0.8618	0.7884	1317	0.6700	139.17
0.3312	0.8614	0.7724	1318	0.6669	139.45
0.4397	0.8604	0.7664	1319	0.6694	139.70
0.5319	0.8596	0.7626	1320	0.6692	139.95
0.6395	0.8588	0.7558	1321	0.6686	140.10
0.7301	0.8584	0.7524	1322	0.6681	140.30
0.8315	0.8576	0.74630	1324	0.6676	140.52
0.9313	0.8560	0.7422	1325	0.6669	140.74
1.0000	0.8532	0.7337	1326	0.6666	140.87
Isopropyl benzene + t-butyl benzene
0.0000	0.8624	0.7449	1316	0.6695	154.77
0.1193	0.8620	0.7445	1317	0.6699	153.17
0.2209	0.8612	0.7440	1318	0.6690	151.78
0.3312	0.8604	0.7436	1390	0.6691	150.27
0.4397	0.8596	0.7420	1320	0.6689	148.78
0.5319	0.8586	0.7398	1321	0.6684	147.56
0.6395	0.8572	0.7389	1322	0.6680	146.01
0.7301	0.8564	0.7373	1323	0.6677	144.72
0.8315	0.8556	0.7364	1324	0.6673	143.30
0.9313	0.8548	0.7351	1325	0.6669	141.90
1.0000	0.8532	0.7337	1326	0.6666	140.87
Isopropyl benzene + Biphenyl
0.0000	0.7920	0.6108	1118	0.9989	177.91
0.1193	0.7956	0.6215	1144	0.9694	173.45
0.2209	0.8036	0.6357	1174	0.9347	169.70
0.3312	0.8084	0.6510	1186	0.8970	165.65
0.4397	0.8144	0.6710	1198	0.8600	161.66
0.5319	0.8248	0.6932	1212	0.8281	158.31
0.6395	0.8276	0.7308	1242	0.7910	154.27
0.7301	0.8324	0.7161	1274	0.7597	150.90
0.8315	0.8436	0.7215	1286	0.7248	147.14
0.9313	0.8484	0.7295	1300	0.6904	143.44
1.0000	0.8532	0.7337	1326	0.6666	140.87

For the binary liquid mixture mixtures isopropyl benzene (cumene) + ethyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + toluene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + mesitylene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + n-propyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + tert-butyl benzene, and isopropyl benzene (cumene) + biphenyl, the obtained excess sound velocity (u^E) values are positive over the whole composition range at 298.15 K as depicted in Figure 1. Various type of interaction which are possible and which can operate in the binary liquid mixtures containing isopropyl benzene (cumene) and aromatic hydrocarbon, that can produce positive deviation in excess sound velocity and excess viscosity. The excess sound velocity (u^E) for the binary systems of isopropyl benzene (cumene) + ethyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + toluene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + mesitylene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + n-propyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + tert-butyl benzene, and isopropyl benzene (cumene) + biphenyl are graphically presented in Fig. 1, together with the Redlich-Kister correlation. It is evident that all six mixtures exhibit significant positive u^E values, across the whole composition range and at working temperature 298.15K.

The deviation in ultrasonic velocity with the mole fraction of isopropyl benzene (cumene) for the six systems indicates that there is a non-linear decrease in velocity without having any minimum as shown in Fig.-1. The non-existence of maxima or dip at any intermediate concentration of isopropyl benzene (cumene) with ethyl benzene, toluene, mesitylene, n-propyl benzene, tert-butyl benzene, and biphenyl, indicate that there is no complex formation between components. These observations are in agreement with the general trends of the ultrasonic velocity variations in binary liquids. The existence of structure differences in species in solution is bound to have its effect in the other physical parameters.

The ultrasonic velocity in a mixture is mainly influenced by its molecular property. The results for the excess sound velocity (u^E) plotted in Figure 1 are positive for all the binary system studied. The observed positive trends in excess sound velocity indicate that the effect due to the breaking up of self-associated structure of the components of the mixtures is dominant over the effect of π-π interaction between unlike molecule. The positive values of excess sound velocity (u^E) increase with the increase in mole fraction which indicates the increase in strength of interaction with all six binary mixtures. The positive excess sound velocity (u^E) clearly suggests that there exist weak and π-π molecular interaction between the molecules of all the six binary liquid mixtures.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 1. Excess sound velocity (uᴱ) Vs mole fraction (X₁) of binary liquid mixtures at 298.15K that contain aromatic hydrocarbons and isopropyl benzene (cumene).

The viscosities of binary liquid mixture isopropyl benzene (cumene) + ethyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + toluene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + mesitylene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + n-propyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + tert-butyl benzene, and isopropyl benzene (cumene) + biphenyl at temperature T = 298.15 K decrease or increase linearly with increase in mole fraction of isopropyl benzene (cumene). Excess viscosity (

η^{E}

) values are positive for the all six binary system over the whole mole fraction range (Figure 2).

The excess transport properties of the mixtures are influenced by three main types of contributions, namely,

(i) due to non specific Vander Waals type forces, (ii) due to hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, and donor-acceptor interaction between unlike molecules, and (iii) due to the fitting of smaller molecules into the voids created by the bigger molecules. The first effect leads to contraction in volume hence leads to negative contribution towards u^E and positive contribution towards (

β_{ad}^{E}

). However, the second effect leads to negative contribution towards (

β_{ad}^{E}

) and positive contribution towards u^E.

The experimental values of viscosities as a function of mole fraction of isopropyl benzene (cumene) for six systems are shown in Figure 2. The six systems exhibit a positive deviation of excess viscosity over entire mole fraction range with a maximum corresponding to a mole fraction of about 0.5 at the temperature studied. These deviations indicate specific molecular interactions between different molecules. According to Fort and Moore, the excess viscosity gives the strength of the molecular interaction between the interacting molecules. The excess value of viscosity at the six binary mixtures isopropyl benzene (cumene) + ethyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + toluene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + mesitylene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + n-propyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + tert-butyl benzene, and isopropyl benzene (cumene) + biphenyl at the 298.15 K are shown in Figure 2. The Figure 2 represents the variation of excess viscosity (η^E)is found to be positive for all six binary liquid mixtures over the entire composition range at the 298.15 K. Which suggest the presence of weak intermolecular interactions

[31]

. For systems where dispersion, induction and dipolar forces are operating, the values of excess viscosity are found to be positive, whereas the existence of specific interaction leading to the no formation of complexes in mixtures tends to make positive.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 2. Excess viscosity (ηᴱ) Vs mole fraction (X₁) of binary liquid mixtures at 298.15K that contain aromatic hydrocarbons and isopropyl benzene (cumene).

A reduction in viscosity with increase in mole fraction of isopropyl benzene (cumene) suggests that the existing intermolecular interactions are weakening in magnitude. However, the increasing sound velocity with increasing mole fraction of isopropyl benzene (cumene) leads to a notion that the system is getting more and more compact, which is not true as the interactions due to isopropyl benzene (cumene) are dispersive in nature.

The excess viscosity values, which represent the deviation from rectilinear dependence of η_exp of binary mixture on mole fraction, have been used to explain the mixture component’s intermolecular interaction. The positive

η^{E}

values might indicate that the average degree of cross-association between aromatic hydrocarbon and isopropyl benzene (cumene) gradually decreased as the chain length of hydrocarbon increased. Thus, the larger positive deviation for the system containing longer chain hydrocarbon confirmed weak dispersion forces in this system. It can be seen from Figure 2 that in the mixture, absolute value of (

η^{E}

) decrease at mole fraction in rose. Many workers have reported similar behavior where positive value of (

η^{E}

) indicates dispersive interaction. The positive values of excess viscosity (

η^{E}

) observed in isopropyl benzene (cumene) + ethyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + toluene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + mesitylene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + n-propyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + tert-butyl benzene, and isopropyl benzene (cumene) + biphenyl mixture indicate the presence of weak inter molecular interaction amongst the mixing components. The values of excess viscosity (

η^{E}

) for all the six system studied are indicative of the predominance of dispersion forces.

The molar volume (V_m) for the pure liquids isopropyl benzene (cumene), ethyl benzene, toluene, mesitylene, n-propyl benzene, tert-butyl benzene and biphenyl have been calculated using vide eq. 4. The calculated volumes for all the liquid are enlisted in Table 3. Determining the excess molar volume (

V_{m}^{E})

of binary mixes depends on exact measurement of density. For this aim, several experimental approaches are extensively used, each with advantages and constraints. Figure 1 represent variation of excess molar volume (

V_{m}^{E})

with x₁ (isopropyl benzene (cumene)) at 298.15 yielding a U-shaped nature of the graph is attributed to the equilibria of State effects and steric factors arising from the change of orientation of cumene molecules with change in its mole fraction. For the solutions of cumene with ethyl benzene, toluene, mesitylene, n-propyl benzene, tert-butyl benzene and biphenyl the graphs are inverted v-shaped. Treszcznowicz et al.

[32]

and later Aminabhavi et al.

[33]

observed that excess molar volume (

V_{m}^{E})

many be discussed in terms of several effects which may be arbitrarily divided into physical, chemical and geometrical contributions. The Physical interact involved mainly dispersion forces giving a positive contribution. The chemical or specific interactions result in a volume contraction and these include charge-transfer type forces.

The experimental results are consistent with this explanation, as most of the studied mixtures exhibit positive excess volumes. This indicates that changes in intermolecular forces dominate over packing effects caused by geometrical constraints, which explains the variation in excess molar volumes among different hydrocarbons. When comparing maximum excess molar volumes at equimolar composition, several trends emerge: mixtures with flat or small-substituted hydrocarbons (e.g., ethyl benzene, mesitylene, biphenyl) tend to show positive excess molar volume

(V_{m}^{E})

mixtures with non-flat or moderately substituted hydrocarbons (e.g., t-butylbenzene, isopropylbenzene) exhibit intermediate values; and the highest

{(V}_{m}^{E})

is observed for cumene + mesitylene, where mesitylene has a flat geometry with three methyl groups in the meta positions around the aromatic ring. These observations can be interpreted qualitatively in terms of steric and electronic effects. Bulky substituents in the hydrocarbon molecules prevent close approach of the acetate groups, weakening interactions and increasing the excess volume. In contrast, flat molecules with few substituents (toluene, ethyl benzene, mesitylene, bi phenyl) allow some residual interactions, resulting in

(V_{m}^{E})

. The steric hindrance imposed by three methyl groups in mesitylene obstructs the approach of the cumene molecules, increasing the occupied volume and thus the excess molar volume. Similar trends in excess volume with molecular size and substitution have been observed in other non-polar + non-polar mixtures, including cumene with aromatic compounds. These results highlight the importance of steric hindrance in controlling dispersive interactions and the progressive masking of non-polar effects of methyl groups during mixing.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 3. Excess molar volume (

V_{m}^{E}

) Vs mole fraction (X₁) of binary liquid mixtures at 298.15K that contain aromatic hydrocarbons and isopropyl benzene (cumene).

Regarding the binary systems of isopropyl benzene (cumene) + ethyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + toluene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + mesitylene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + n-propyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + tert-butyl benzene, and isopropyl benzene (cumene) + biphenyl at 298.15 K. Table 3 provide the corresponding values. Figure 5 reports the excess value of adiabatic compressibility (

β_{ad}^{E}

) at six binary liquid mixtures: isopropyl benzene (cumene) + ethyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + toluene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + mesitylene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + n-propyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + tert-butyl benzene, and isopropyl benzene (cumene) + biphenyl at 298.15 K. It is possible to explain the excess adiabatic compressibility (

β_{ad}^{E}

) values as a cumulative manifestation of various kinds of intermolecular interactions between the molecules that make up the mixtures that are being studied. Regarding the binary combinations of isopropyl benzene (cumene) + ethyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + toluene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + mesitylene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + n-propyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + tert-butyl benzene, and isopropyl benzene (cumene) + biphenyl because of isopropyl benzene (cumene).

The calculated excess adiabatic compressibility (

β_{ad}^{E}

), values for the binary liquid mixture listed in Figure 5. The change of this property has been shown in Figure 5. The excess adiabatic compressibility (

β_{ad}^{E}

), values are positive over the entire mole fraction range and become more positive isopropyl benzene (cumene) with increasing the mole fraction of second component for all binary mixtures. These results can be explained in term of molecular interactions and structured effects. The variation of excess adiabatic compressibility (

β_{ad}^{E}

), with volume fraction of isopropyl benzene (cumene) is represent in Figure 5. Fort and Moore

[31]

have suggested that excess adiabatic compressibility (

β_{ad}^{E}

), is the result of several opposing effects. Strong molecular interactions occur through charge transfer, dipole- induced dipole and dipole-dipole interaction

[34-36]

, interstitial accommodation and orientational ordering all lead to a more compact structure making excess adiabatic compressibility (

β_{ad}^{E}

) positive.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 4. Molecular interaction between Cumene and aromatic hydrocarbons

Figure 5 shows the excess adiabatic compressibility (

β_{ad}^{E}

) information for every binary at 298.15 K and air pressure mixtures of isopropyl benzene (cumene) with aromatic hydrocarbons. All mixtures have positive values, according Observe how (

β_{ad}^{E}

) changes in relation to the mole fraction of isopropyl benzene (X₁). The cumene–mesitylene system, which has the highest positive (

β_{ad}^{E}

) of the combinations being examined, exhibits the most noticeable effect. (

β_{ad}^{E}

) results from multiple opposing molecular effects, according to Kiyohara and Benson

[34]

. Table 3 and Figure 5 illustrate how the adiabatic compressibility values of six numbers of binary liquid systems rises as the mole fraction (X₁) of isopropyl benzene (cumene). The way that structure influences compressibility is the primary reason for the change in ultrasonic velocity. Adiabatic compressibility changes when liquid mixtures are mixed, showing a noticeable contraction. The mutual disruption in molecules associated with pure liquids may be the reason behind the positive excess adiabatic compressibility (

β_{ad}^{E}

) values, which show a poor level of interaction between molecules. Over the whole range of isopropyl benzene (cumene) composition, these positive excess adiabatic compressibility (

β_{ad}^{E}

) values are decrease in sound velocity is linked to the creation of weak bonds through dipole-induced dipole interaction between molecules those are not similar and the geometrical fitting of component molecules into each other's structures may be responsible for the positive values of excess adiabatic compressibility (

β_{ad}^{E}

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 5. Excess adiabatic compressibility (

β_{ad}^{E}

) Vs mole fraction (X₁) of binary liquid mixtures at 298.15K that contain aromatic hydrocarbons and isopropyl benzene (cumene).

For mixtures of isopropyl benzene (cumene) + ethyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + toluene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + mesitylene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + n-propyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + tert-butyl benzene, and isopropyl benzene (cumene) + biphenyl, (

V_{m}^{E}

), (uᴱ), (η^E) and (

β_{ad}^{E}

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 6. The schematic structural presentation of the interactions between isopropyl benzene (cumene) and aromatic hydrocarbon molecules.

Ethyl benzene > toluene > mesitylene > n-propyl benzene> tert-butyl benzene > biphenyl is the sequence in which the magnitude of (

V_{m}^{E}

), (uᴱ), (η^E) and (

β_{ad}^{E}

) values follow, suggesting the interactions in the same order. This mixtures of isopropyl benzene (cumene) + ethyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + toluene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + mesitylene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + n-propyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + tert-butyl benzene, and isopropyl benzene (cumene) + biphenyl have positive values over the entire mole fraction range.

Ethyl benzene > toluene > mesitylene > n-propyl benzene > tert-butyl benzene > biphenyl is the order in which the interactions in these mixes occur, according to these patterns in (

V_{m}^{E}

), (uᴱ), (η^E) and (

β_{ad}^{E}

).Binary mixtures of tetrahydrofuran with aromatic hydrocarbons likewise exhibit similar trends in (

V_{m}^{E}

), (uᴱ), (η^E) and (

β_{ad}^{E}

) values

[37]

. These observations further corroborate the composition-dependent tendencies displayed by these excess properties.

5. Conclusions

In this paper the ultrasonic velocity (u), density (ρ) and viscosity (

η

) have been measure over the whole composition range at temperature T = 298.15 K for the binary mixture isopropyl benzene (cumene) + ethyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + toluene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + mesitylene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + n-propyl benzene, isopropyl benzene (cumene) + tert-butyl benzene, and isopropyl benzene (cumene) + biphenyl. Excess sound velocity (uᴱ), excess viscosity (ηᴱ), excess molar volume (

V_{m}^{E}

) and excess adiabatic compressibility (

β_{ad}^{E}

) for binary mixtures have been calculated and fitted to a Redlich–Kister equation. It is obvious that, there exist a molecular interaction between the components of the mixture. In specific weak molecular interaction like weak dispersive in nature and dispersive forces are found to exist between the components of the individual mixtures. The present results clearly justify the practical applicability of the simple models used.

Abbreviations

ρ	Density of Liquid
u	Sound Velocity
𝑢^𝐸	Excess Sound Velocity
𝜂	Viscosity
η^E	Excess Viscosity
β_ad	Adiabatic Compressibility
$β_{ad}^{E}$	Excess Adiabatic Compressibility
V_m	Molar Volume
$V_{m}^{E}$	Excess Molar Volume
X₁	Mole Fraction of Isopropyl Benzene (Cumene)
A^𝐸	Thermodynamic Excess Function

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Hon’ble Vice Chancellor Prof. Mukesh Pandey Ji, Bundelkhand University authorities for providing the necessary facilities to carry out the work.

Author Contributions

Chandra Pal Prajapati: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Software

Dhirendra Kumar Sharma: Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft

Suneel Kumar: Formal Analysis, Software

Data Availability Statement

Data will be made available on request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Sharma, D. K.; Trivedi, A.; An Ultrasonic Exploration of Physico-chemical Properties for Mixtures of Cyclic Diether (1,3-dioxolane) with 1-alkanols (C₅-C₁₀) at 298.15K. American Journal of Physical Chemistry, 2025, 14 (3), 51- 62. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20251403.11
[2]	Sharma, D. K.; Agarwal, S.; Viscosities and excess thermodynamic properties of binary liquid mixtures of cyclic ether with 1-alkanols at 303.15K.American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER). 2025, 14 (7),59-69. https://www.ajer.org/volume14issu7.html
[3]	Sharma, D. K.; Density, Viscosity, sound velocity and excess thermodynamic properties of binary liquid mixtures of cyclic diether (1,3-dioxolane) with 1-alkanols at 303.15K. International Journal of Advanced Scientific and Technical Research, 2025, 4(15), 105-124. https://doi.org/10.26808/RS.2025.4d 6d2d
[4]	Sharma DK, Study of thermodynamic properties of six binary liquid mixtures of cyclic diether (1,4-dioxane) with 1-alkanols at 30315K., International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 2025:14(8):1162-1172. https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR25820131308
[5]	Sharma, D. K.; Khan, A.; Speed of sound and adiabatic compressibilities of binary liquid mixtures containing 1,3-dioxolane with1-alkanols at 298.15K and 3 MHz. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES). 2025, 14(4), 56-62. https://irjes.com/v14-i4.html
[6]	Sakurai, M.; Nakamura, K.; Nitta, K.; Partial Molar Volumes of Alkyl Acetates in Water. J Chem. Eng Data.1996, 41, 1171-1175. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/je960143u
[7]	Res, J. M.; Gonzalez, C.; Concha, R. G.; Iglesias, M.; Influence of temperature on excess molar volumes for butyl acetate + aromatic hydrocarbons. Phy. Chem. Liq. 2004, 42, 493-520. https://doi.org/10.1080/00319100410001724557
[8]	Hanan, E.; El-saye, M.; Abdul-Fattah, A. Asfour.; Density and viscosity of the regular quinary system: Benzene (1) + Toluene (2) + Ethyl benzene (3) + Heptane (4) + Cyclooctane (5) and its quaternary sub-systems at 293.15 and 298.15K. J. Solution Chem. 2013, 42, 136-150. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10953-012-9950-0
[9]	Rattan, V. K.; Singh, S.; Sethi, B. P.S.; Viscosity, density and Ultrasonic velocities of binary mixtures of Ethyl benzene with ethanol, 1-propanol and 1-butanol at (298.15 and 308.15) K. J. Chem. Engg. Data, 2004, 49, 1074 - 1077. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/je049912x
[10]	Riddick, J. A.; Bunger, W. B.; Sakano, T. K.; Organic solvents: Physical properties and Methods of Purification, 4thed.; Willey Interscience:NewYork,1986; https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2259333
[11]	Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A & M University, College Station, T RC Thermodynamic Tables Hydrocarbons, Suppl. No. 1988; 92. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/TRC_Thermodynamic_Tables.html?id=vClCAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y
[12]	Nain, A. K.; Chand, D.; Correlation between molecular interactions and excess thermodynamic parameters of binary mixtures. J. Pure Appl. Ultrason. 2021, 43, 8-16. https://docs.google.com/gview?url= http://www.ultrasonicsindia.org/USI-43(1-2)2021.pdf&embedded=true
[13]	Aralaguppi, M. I.; Aminabhav, T. M.; Harogoppad, S. B.; Balindgi, R. H.; Thermodynamic interactions in binary mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide with benzene, toluene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, and methoxybenzene from 298.15 to 308.15 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1992, 37, 298.
[14]	Sarkar, B. K.; Choudhury, A.; Sinha, B.; Excess molar volume, excess viscosities and ultrasonic speed of sound of binary mixtures of 1,2-Dimethoxyethane with some aromatic liquids at 298.15K. J. Solution Chem. 2012, 41, 53-74. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10953-011-9780-5
[15]	Nain, A. K.; Ultrasonic and viscometric studies of molecular interactions in binary mixtures of tetra hydro furan with some aromatic hydrocarbons at temperatures from 288.15 to 318.145K. Physics and Chemistry of Liquids. 2007, 45(4), 371-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/00319100701230405
[16]	Resa, J. M.; Gonzalez, C.; Concha, R. G.; Iglesias M, Prieto S, Diez E. Mixing properties of propyl acetate + aromatic hydrocarbons at 298.15K. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2006, 23(1), 93-101. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02705698
[17]	TRC thermodynamic tables, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX: 1994. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-74140-1_6
[18]	Resa, J. M.; Gonzalez, C.; Ortiz, de. L.; Lanz, J.; Densities, excess molar volume and refractive indices of ethyl acetate and aromatic hydrocarbon binary mixtures. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2002, 34 (7), 995. https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-journal-of-chemical-thermodynamics/vol/34/issue/7
[19]	D. K. Sharma, C. P. Prajapati, S. Kumar, Density, Ultrasonic Velocity, Viscosity and their Excess Parameters of Some Binary Liquid Mixtures of Cumene with Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 298.15 K. Der Pharma Chemica.2024, 16(2), 301-306. https://www.derpharmachemica.com/archive/dpc-volume-16-issue-2-year-2024.html
[20]	Saleh, M. A.; Habibullah, M.; Ahmed, S.; Excess molar volume and viscosities of some alkanols with Cumene. Physics and Chemistry of liquids, 2006, 44(1), 31- 43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00319100500287853
[21]	Aktar, S.; Abdur, Rahman. M.; Shahadat, Hossian. M..; Akhtar, S.; Excess molar volume and deviation in viscosity of the binary liquid mixtures of 1-Pentanol + Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 298.15K. European Scientific Journal. 2015, 11(5), 213-225. https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj
[22]	Page, M.; Huot, J.; Jolicoeur, A.; Comprehensive thermodynamic investigation of water-ethanolamine mixtures at 10, 25 and 40°C. Can. J. Chem. 1993, 45, 1064-1072. https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/journal/canadian-journal-of-chemistry/issues
[23]	Tsierkezos, N. G.; Palaiologou, M. M.; Molinou, I. E.; Densities and Viscosities of 1-Pentanol binary mixtures at 293.15K. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 2000, 45, 272-275. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/je9902138
[24]	Kumar, M.; Rattan, V. K.; Thermophysical properties for binary mixture of Di methyl sulfoxide and isopropyl benzene at various temperatures. Journal of Thermodynamics. 2013, 23. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/6962
[25]	Riddick, J. A.; Bunger, W. B.; Techniques of Chemistry, Organic Solvents, Volume II, Wiley-Inter sciences: New York, 1970.; https://archive.org/details/organicsolventsp0000ridd
[26]	Fujii, Sh.; Tamura, K.; Murakam, S.; Thermodynamic properties of (an alkyl benzene+ cyclo hexane) at the temperature 298.15 K. J. Chem. Thermodynamics. 1995, 27, 1319-28. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021961485701401
[27]	Prak, D. L.; Graft, S. L.; Johnson, Th. R.; Cowart, J. S.; Trulove, P. C.; Binary mixtures of aromatic compounds (n-Propyl benzene, 1, 3, 5-trimethylbenzene, and 1, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene) with 2, 2, 4, 6, 6-pentamethylheptane: densities, viscosities, speeds of sound, bulk moduli, surface tensions, and flash points at 0.1 MPa. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2020, 65, 2625-2641. https://pubs.acs.org/toc/jceaax/65/5
[28]	Padmanaban, R. K.; Gayathri, Ahobilam.; Kapoor, S.; Iyengar, G. A.; Lee, Dong-Eun.; Kannan, V.; Karthikeyan, V.; Assi, D. A.; Vellaisamy, Roy, A. L.; Comparative Evaluation of Thermophysical and Acoustical Properties of Binary Mixtures of Cumene + Methyl Acetate and Cumene + Ethyl Acetate over the Range of Molar Compositions and Temperatures from 298.15 to 318.15 K: Experimental Measurements and Application of Deviation Modeling. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 2025, 70, 3491−3508. https://pubs.acs.org/toc/jceaax/70/9
[29]	Wankhede, D. S.; Isentropic Compressibility for Binary Mixtures of Propylene Carbonate with Benzene and Substituted Benzene. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society. 2012, 56(1),7-13. https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=4700152644&tip=sid&clean=0
[30]	Bhatia, S. C.; Ruman, R.; Bhatia, R.; Viscosities, densities, speeds of sound and refractive indices of binary mixtures of o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, ethylbenzene and mesitylene with 1-decanol at 298.15 and 308.15 K. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2011,159, 132-141. https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-molecular-liquids/vol/159/issue/3
[31]	Fort, R. J.; Moore, W. R.; Viscosities of binary liquid mixtures, Trans. Faraday Soc. 1966, 62, 1112. https://doi.org/10.1039/TF9666201112
[32]	Treszczanowicz, A. J.; Kiyohara, O.; Benson, G. C.; Excess volumes for n-alkanols +n-alkanes IV. Binary mixtures of decan-1-ol +n-pentane, +n-hexane, +n-octane, +n-decane, and +n-hexadecane, J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1981, 13, 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(81)90125-7
[33]	T. M. Aminabhavi, M. I. Aralaguppi, S. B. Harpogoppad and R. H. Bulundgi, Densities, viscosities, refractive indices, and speeds of sound in methyl aceto acetate + methyl acetate + ethyl acetate, + n-butyl acetate, + methyl benzoate, and + ethyl benzoate at 298.15, 303.15, and 308.15 K, J. Chem. Eng Data, 1993, 38(3), 441-445. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/je00011a030
[34]	Kiyohara, O.; Benson, G. C.; Ultrasonic speeds and isentropic compressibilities of n-alkanol+ n-heptane mixtures at 298.15 K. J Chem. Thermodyn. 1979, 11, 861-863. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(79)90067-3
[35]	Cubero, E.; Orozco, M.; Hobza, P.; Luque, F.; Hydrogen Bond versus Anti- Hydrogen Bond: A Comparative Analysis Based on the Electron Density Topology. J Phys Chem. 1999, 103, 6394-6401. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jp990258f
[36]	Sri Devi, U.; Samatha, K.; Visvanantasarma, A.; Excess Thermodynamic Properties in Liquid Mixtures. J. Pure & Appl. Ultrason. 2004, 26, 1-11. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10953-013-0003-0
[37]	Drăgoescu, D.; Alexander, S.; Thermophysical Properties for Binary Mixtures of Cumene and Linear /Cyclic Ketones, at Several Temperatures and Atmospheric Pressure, Journal of Solution Chemistry, 2025, 54, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-024-01403-6

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Sharma, D. K., Prajapati, C., Kumar, S. (2026). Volumetric, Ultrasonic and Viscometric Studies of Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures of Isopropyl Benzene (Cumene) with Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 298.15K. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 11(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Sharma, D. K.; Prajapati, C.; Kumar, S. Volumetric, Ultrasonic and Viscometric Studies of Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures of Isopropyl Benzene (Cumene) with Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 298.15K. World J. Appl. Chem. 2026, 11(1), 1-13. doi: 10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Sharma DK, Prajapati C, Kumar S. Volumetric, Ultrasonic and Viscometric Studies of Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures of Isopropyl Benzene (Cumene) with Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 298.15K. World J Appl Chem. 2026;11(1):1-13. doi: 10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11,
  author = {Dhirendra Kumar Sharma and Chandrapal Prajapati and Suneel Kumar},
  title = {Volumetric, Ultrasonic and Viscometric Studies of Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures of Isopropyl Benzene (Cumene) with Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 298.15K},
  journal = {World Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-13},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjac.20261101.11},
  abstract = {Theoretical and experimental research on binary liquid mixtures of isopropyl benzene (cumene) with aromatic hydrocarbons at 298.15 K is presented in this article. For these binary mixtures, experimental measurements of the density (ρ), viscosity (η), and speed of sound (u) have been made at 298.15 K. The excess molar volume (), excess adiabatic compressibility (), excess sound velocity (uᴱ), and deviation in viscosity (ηᴱ) have all been computed from the experimental measurements. These excess parameters have been correlated using the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. Positive excess properties were discovered, reflecting the distinctive behavior of the liquid mixtures and suggesting the existence of particular molecular interactions. Significant specific interactions between the components, mainly controlled by molecular association, are suggested by the positive values of the excess properties. The molecular structure and intrinsic characteristics of the liquid mixtures determine how strong these interactions are in liquid mixtures. The results indicated the presence of weak interactions between 1,4-dioxane and aromatic hydrocarbon molecules, which follows the order: Ethyl benzene > toluene > mesitylene > n-propyl benzene> tert-butyl benzene > biphenyl. It is observed that the interactions depend on the number and position of the methyl groups in these aromatic hydrocarbons. The observed trends in the following systems indicate weak to moderate interactions, primarily π–π and solute-solvent interaction.},
 year = {2026}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Volumetric, Ultrasonic and Viscometric Studies of Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures of Isopropyl Benzene (Cumene) with Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 298.15K
AU  - Dhirendra Kumar Sharma
AU  - Chandrapal Prajapati
AU  - Suneel Kumar
Y1  - 2026/02/26
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11
T2  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP  - 1
EP  - 13
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-5982
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11
AB  - Theoretical and experimental research on binary liquid mixtures of isopropyl benzene (cumene) with aromatic hydrocarbons at 298.15 K is presented in this article. For these binary mixtures, experimental measurements of the density (ρ), viscosity (η), and speed of sound (u) have been made at 298.15 K. The excess molar volume (), excess adiabatic compressibility (), excess sound velocity (uᴱ), and deviation in viscosity (ηᴱ) have all been computed from the experimental measurements. These excess parameters have been correlated using the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. Positive excess properties were discovered, reflecting the distinctive behavior of the liquid mixtures and suggesting the existence of particular molecular interactions. Significant specific interactions between the components, mainly controlled by molecular association, are suggested by the positive values of the excess properties. The molecular structure and intrinsic characteristics of the liquid mixtures determine how strong these interactions are in liquid mixtures. The results indicated the presence of weak interactions between 1,4-dioxane and aromatic hydrocarbon molecules, which follows the order: Ethyl benzene > toluene > mesitylene > n-propyl benzene> tert-butyl benzene > biphenyl. It is observed that the interactions depend on the number and position of the methyl groups in these aromatic hydrocarbons. The observed trends in the following systems indicate weak to moderate interactions, primarily π–π and solute-solvent interaction.
VL  - 11
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Dhirendra Kumar Sharma

Department of Chemistry, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4171-8372
Chandrapal Prajapati

Department of Chemistry, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6343-4063
Suneel Kumar

Department of Chemistry, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6936-349X

Download PDF

Submit an Article

Table 1

Table 1. The details of the chemicals used, including their CAS Registry Numbers and mass fraction purities, are provided in Table 1.
Table 2

Table2.Viscosity (η), Sound Velocity (u), and Density (ρ) for Pure Components at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure are compared between experimental and literature values.
Table 3

Table 3. Density (ρ), Sound Velocity (u), Viscosity (η), calculated parameter Adiabatic Compressibility ${(β}_{ad})$ , and Molar Volume (Vₘ) of Binary Mixtures of Isopropyl Benzene with Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 298.15 K.

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Sharma, D. K., Prajapati, C., Kumar, S. (2026). Volumetric, Ultrasonic and Viscometric Studies of Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures of Isopropyl Benzene (Cumene) with Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 298.15K. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 11(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Sharma, D. K.; Prajapati, C.; Kumar, S. Volumetric, Ultrasonic and Viscometric Studies of Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures of Isopropyl Benzene (Cumene) with Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 298.15K. World J. Appl. Chem. 2026, 11(1), 1-13. doi: 10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Sharma DK, Prajapati C, Kumar S. Volumetric, Ultrasonic and Viscometric Studies of Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures of Isopropyl Benzene (Cumene) with Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 298.15K. World J Appl Chem. 2026;11(1):1-13. doi: 10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11,
  author = {Dhirendra Kumar Sharma and Chandrapal Prajapati and Suneel Kumar},
  title = {Volumetric, Ultrasonic and Viscometric Studies of Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures of Isopropyl Benzene (Cumene) with Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 298.15K},
  journal = {World Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-13},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjac.20261101.11},
  abstract = {Theoretical and experimental research on binary liquid mixtures of isopropyl benzene (cumene) with aromatic hydrocarbons at 298.15 K is presented in this article. For these binary mixtures, experimental measurements of the density (ρ), viscosity (η), and speed of sound (u) have been made at 298.15 K. The excess molar volume (), excess adiabatic compressibility (), excess sound velocity (uᴱ), and deviation in viscosity (ηᴱ) have all been computed from the experimental measurements. These excess parameters have been correlated using the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. Positive excess properties were discovered, reflecting the distinctive behavior of the liquid mixtures and suggesting the existence of particular molecular interactions. Significant specific interactions between the components, mainly controlled by molecular association, are suggested by the positive values of the excess properties. The molecular structure and intrinsic characteristics of the liquid mixtures determine how strong these interactions are in liquid mixtures. The results indicated the presence of weak interactions between 1,4-dioxane and aromatic hydrocarbon molecules, which follows the order: Ethyl benzene > toluene > mesitylene > n-propyl benzene> tert-butyl benzene > biphenyl. It is observed that the interactions depend on the number and position of the methyl groups in these aromatic hydrocarbons. The observed trends in the following systems indicate weak to moderate interactions, primarily π–π and solute-solvent interaction.},
 year = {2026}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Volumetric, Ultrasonic and Viscometric Studies of Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures of Isopropyl Benzene (Cumene) with Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 298.15K
AU  - Dhirendra Kumar Sharma
AU  - Chandrapal Prajapati
AU  - Suneel Kumar
Y1  - 2026/02/26
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11
T2  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP  - 1
EP  - 13
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-5982
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20261101.11
AB  - Theoretical and experimental research on binary liquid mixtures of isopropyl benzene (cumene) with aromatic hydrocarbons at 298.15 K is presented in this article. For these binary mixtures, experimental measurements of the density (ρ), viscosity (η), and speed of sound (u) have been made at 298.15 K. The excess molar volume (), excess adiabatic compressibility (), excess sound velocity (uᴱ), and deviation in viscosity (ηᴱ) have all been computed from the experimental measurements. These excess parameters have been correlated using the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. Positive excess properties were discovered, reflecting the distinctive behavior of the liquid mixtures and suggesting the existence of particular molecular interactions. Significant specific interactions between the components, mainly controlled by molecular association, are suggested by the positive values of the excess properties. The molecular structure and intrinsic characteristics of the liquid mixtures determine how strong these interactions are in liquid mixtures. The results indicated the presence of weak interactions between 1,4-dioxane and aromatic hydrocarbon molecules, which follows the order: Ethyl benzene > toluene > mesitylene > n-propyl benzene> tert-butyl benzene > biphenyl. It is observed that the interactions depend on the number and position of the methyl groups in these aromatic hydrocarbons. The observed trends in the following systems indicate weak to moderate interactions, primarily π–π and solute-solvent interaction.
VL  - 11
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download