The Kingdom of Loloda: The Dynamics of Economic, Political, and Military in North Maluku During the Dutch Collonial Power (1817-1942)

Abd Rahman; Rusli Muhammad Said

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12

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The Kingdom of Loloda: The Dynamics of Economic, Political, and Military in North Maluku During the Dutch Collonial Power (1817-1942)

Abd Rahman^*

, Rusli Muhammad Said

Published in Science Research (Volume 12, Issue 3)

Received: 23 March 2024 Accepted: 22 April 2024 Published: 13 June 2024

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Abstract

This research was conducted based on the fact that the Loloda Kingdom had been lost in history since 1322. The remark that in that year, Loloda did not attend the meeting of the Maluku kings who succeeded in forming the Moti Alliance (Motir Verbond [1322-1343]) which was initiated by the King of Ternate VII, Sida Arif Malamo (1322-1331). Since that year also Loloda, considered not part of the "world of Maluku". Furthermore, de jure, during the VOC period (1627-1800), all Loloda was declared to have disappeared, because Ternate was annexed during the reign of Sultan Amir Hamzah (1627-1648). But de facto, the political structure of the Loloda kingdom actually still existed during that period in the Northwest Coast of Halmahera. The results showed that the cooperation between Ternate and the Dutch colonial government since 1817 through political contracts on the grounds of mutually beneficial cooperation and friendship, actually caused all of Loloda's economic, political and military power to be weakened and taken over by Ternate to Dutch interests. Although Loloda was in the shadow of the power of Ternate and the Netherlands, the kingdom was still able to carry out its economic, political and military functions during the period 1817-1942, even though it was under the control of Ternate with the consent of the Dutch. This study aims to explain the existence of the presence of the Loloda Kingdom in the economic, political, and military dynamics that occurred in North Maluku until the collapse of the power of the Dutch Colonial Government in Indonesia in 1942. This study uses historical research methods, with the following stages: 1) tracing and collecting sources historical sources from literature, archives, field, and documentation (heuristics); 2) analysis and synthesis (criticism, verification, and validation of data; 3) interpretation of the results of analysis and data synthesis; and 4) writing history (historiography).

Published in	Science Research (Volume 12, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12
Page(s)	47-59
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Loloda, Economic, Politics, Military, Dutch-Collonial, History

1. Introduction

The Loloda Kingdom was formed in the early 13th century and centered on Loloda Bay, on the Northwest Coast of the Halmahera Islands. Loloda neighbored the Jailolo Kingdom, which was centered on the southwest coast of the islands as well. Meanwhile, the Bacan Kingdom occupied Bacan Island, which since the 16th century moved from Makian Island to Kasiruta and then to Labuha on Bacan Island. Among these four kingdoms, in terms of economic, political, and military strength, they can be ranked as follows: Ternate, Tidore, Bacan, and Jailolo. Meanwhile, Loloda seems to still be shrouded in history. Research on Loloda in the context of its economic, political, and military position is important because Loloda is one of the historical assets of North Maluku Province and a National Historical asset of Indonesia that is not yet known by almost the entire Indonesian population. In relation to the theme and topic of research, it can be stated that research on Loloda in terms of its economic, political, and military aspects is part of an effort to explain that even though Loloda has been marginalized in history, this kingdom still exists in the History of North Maluku.

2. Materials and Methods

This study selected locations focused on Loloda in North and West Halmahera, both on the mainland and the islands, especially in the Loloda Subdistrict (Loloda South Mainland and Islands) in Soasio, West Halmahera. The research period lasted from March 2021 to November 2021. This research used historical research methods. The steps are as follows: first, heuristic, which involves tracing, searching, and collecting data, both primary and secondary, oral and written, print and electronic. Data search was conducted in libraries, archives, fields, and visual documentary research activities indoors and outdoors. Second, criticism (verification and validation) of the data collected from various sources. All sources found were collected and classified by quantity, type, and theme (economics, politics, and military). Next, the sources were validated and verified both internally (types, forms, and contents of data) and externally. Third, interpretation (building understanding) of the sources that have been verified and validated, by providing descriptive-analytical explanations of all the facts and events found within the sources; and Fourth, historiography, which is writing history based on relevant sources with events to be narrated based on stages and processes of analysis and synthesis as well as interpretation as objectively as possible.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Loloda in the Marine and Island Region of Maluku

The Loloda Kingdom is located on the Northwest Coast of Halmahera, a 'bay land', because its natural conditions indicate so. The center of this Kingdom's government is located in a bay in a River Basin Area (DAS) in the Loloda region's south

[4, 5, 10, 8, 13, 17, 18, 49, 50]

. The capital of Loloda is located on the bank of the Soasio River between the Bakung and Laba Besar Villages, with its river flowing into the Maluku Sea through Loloda Bay

[20, 38]

. In the context of the unity of traditional governmental territories in Maluku, the name Loloda becomes: Moloku Loloda, Jiko Mabirahi, Toma Ngara Mabeno (Maluku Loloda, beautiful bay land, and the ruling gateway of Maluku in the northern tip

[17, 18]

. This information is supplemented by a French-language source (1712) stating that Loloda is a separate kingdom (Le Royaume de Loloda or Loloda Regnum, or the Loloda Kingdom) on the Northwest Coast of Halmahera established with the help of the Alifuru people, a community of native ethnic groups residing in that kingdom's area.

3.2. From English to Dutch: Loloda in Colonial Power Transition

Based on the London Convention of August 13, 1814, which was also signed by the Netherlands and England, on August 19, 1816, the Dutch Colonial Government was reaffirmed in Batavia as the ruler of all of Maluku, still in a transitional governance situation (interregnum). The transfer of power over Maluku from England to the Netherlands only occurred in 1817. The Nuku Resistance event was a revolution to free and restore Maluku from the grip of various European nations

[4, 5]

. The return of power to the Dutch Colonial Government after the British Administration over Maluku was based on an agreement between the Netherlands and England through the signing of the London Convention on August 13, 1814.

The assumption of governance over the entire Maluku region was also constitutionally established in the Netherlands through the kingdom's council (landraad). Article 39 of the 1814 Kingdom of the Netherlands Constitution stated that, "the supreme governance authority can be carried out in other parts of the world without exception" (de Vorst heeft bij uitsluiting het opperbestuur over in andere wereldheden). Article 39 of the 1814 Kingdom of the Netherlands Constitution was aligned with the London Convention of August 13, 1814 as the basis for the transfer of power signed by the Kingdom of the Netherlands and England. The constitution stated that the colonies occupied by the Dutch Colonial Government (De Kolonien en Bezittingen van de Staat) located in Asia were returned to the Netherlands.

To support the implementation of Article 39 of the 1814 Kingdom of the Netherlands Constitution, the Dutch Kingdom Government issued a Royal Decree (Koningklijke Besluit) dated September 22, 1814 to establish a General Commission (Commissie Generaal) consisting of three individuals. These three individuals were tasked on behalf of the King of the Netherlands to take over the Dutch colonies in Asia from the British. At that time, by the Dutch East Indies Colonial Government, Loloda was included in the territory of the Ternate Residency and its sub-districts (de Residentie van Ternate en Onderhorigheden). Meanwhile, Ternate claimed Loloda as part of its territorial authority and at the same time as a vassal kingdom.

3.3. Role of Loloda Economy and Colonial Pressure Based on Contracts

The Loloda Kingdom, in the three Ternate-Dutch Contracts (1817, 1822, and 1824), acted as a source of revenue through taxes and labor force for Ternate and the Netherlands. The entire Loloda region in North Halmahera, including its coastal areas, is rich in natural resources, including cloves and nutmeg. The significance of Loloda to Ternate lies in the fact that geographically, Ternate is merely a small island that lacks sufficient natural and human resources to ensure its economic, political, and military strength. Therefore, Loloda always serves as a consideration for Ternate to help meet its own needs and those of the colonial government. Ternate would not stand as an economic, political, and military power without controlling Loloda

[47, 48]

. The King and the Loloda Kingdom have been involved in three political contracts between the Sultanate of Ternate on one side and the Dutch Colonial Government on the other side during the first seven years of the Dutch return to power in North Maluku.

3.4. Role of Political Loloda and Colonial Pressure Based on Contracts

Since the signing of the Contract in 1817, in addition to restraints in the economic and trade fields, the Dutch Colonial Government also imposed constraints in the diplomatic aspect as part of the foreign policy system of local kingdoms in North Maluku. The constraint was that the Sultanate of Ternate and the Kingdom of Loloda were not allowed to engage with other European nations besides the Netherlands. If the Sultanate of Ternate and the Kingdom of Loloda encountered European (white) nations other than the Dutch, then these two kingdoms had to promptly report it to the colonial government. The people of the Sultanate of Ternate and the Kingdom of Loloda were prohibited from correspondence and communication, as well as interactions through both oral and written means, even establishing friendships and relationships with other white nations besides the Netherlands.

These two kingdoms were also prohibited from making contracts and political agreements with other white nations Please translate the text into English

[47]

. The clauses of the 1817 Contract were highly detrimental to Ternate and Loloda in terms of diplomatic aspects and international cooperation relationships with countries and other white and colored nations worldwide. The foreign nations mentioned above not only included Europeans other than the Dutch but also Arabs, Chinese, Japanese, and others who were feared to pose a threat to the Dutch Colonial Government in Maluku.

3.5. The Military Role of Loloda and Various Threats in the Maluku Sea and Island Region

3.5.1. Deployment of Troops and Colonial Security

In order to maintain the stability and security of the entire Ternate Residency region and its surrounding areas, the Dutch Colonial Government always deployed native troops taken from the population of Halmahera, especially in the northern and western parts, including from Loloda. The Dutch started doing this after regaining control of Maluku from the British in 1817. This phenomenon shows that the Dutch Colonial Government not only needed economic and political power but also required a significant military force to secure all its territories in Maluku. To build a large military force, the Dutch Colonial Government, through the Sultan of Ternate, Tidore, Bacan, and Loloda, aimed to achieve combat forces with sufficient numbers and quality. Some events that required the deployment of military forces from the native population of North Maluku include:

First, the Dutch Colonial Government's request for assistance from Ternate and Tidore in the form of troops and warships to suppress the rebellion led by Captain Pattimura (1783—1817), which began on May 17, 1817. Sultan Muhammad Ali (1807—1822) of Ternate sent 20 warships with 1500 Alifuru troops, as did Sultan Tidore, Muhammad Tahir (1810—1821). In October 1817, the combined forces of the Dutch, Ternate, and Tidore successfully quelled Pattimura's resistance movement

[17, 18]

. Second, in 1819, the Dutch launched a major expedition to the Raja Ampat Islands (Papua) with the assistance of Ternate and Tidore troops. The purpose of the expedition was to pursue Sultan Jailolo III, Hajuddin, who was reported to be in the vicinity of those islands. Hajuddin self-proclaimed himself as Sultan Jailolo III with the support of his followers, succeeding Muhammad Asgar (Sultan Jailolo II) who was exiled by the Dutch to Jepara

[31]

Third, in 1826, to prevent Tobungku from breaking free from Ternate, a fleet of warships carrying thousands of soldiers under the command of Captain Laut Kaicil Abumaha was sent to Tobungku. With the Dutch's assistance, the fleet successfully quelled the Tobungku rebellion (17-18]. Fourth, to suppress the resistance of Prince Diponegoro (1825—1830) in Central Java (Yogyakarta), which posed a challenge to the Dutch, the Dutch Colonial Government requested assistance from the Sultanates of Ternate and Tidore. On May 21, 1825, 562 Alifuru soldiers from Ternate were sent as reinforcements. Tidore also dispatched 290 soldiers to Semarang on the ship de Hoop. In that Java War event, the Sultan of Ternate sent Sadaha Loloda to Java with the consent of the Ternate Residency Government to become one of the military leaders

[29]

3.5.2. The Rebellion of Kapita Sikuru from Laba and the Degradation of Loloda Kingdom's Power

The more intensified and stronger implementation of various territorial governance policies over North Maluku by the Dutch Colonial Government, which did not favor the people and local rulers, but rather oppressed, disturbed, and harmed them, eventually triggered the resistance of Kapita Sikuru

[14]

from Laba village in Loloda. The factors leading to the Kapita Sikuru Rebellion as the main trigger for the degradation of power in the Loloda Kingdom can be outlined as follows.

(i). Tax Collection (Belasting)

Before the beginning of the 20th century, when the Dutch Colonial Government had not yet taken over the collection and management of native taxes in North Maluku, the implementation of tax collection was carried out independently by the Sultans of Maluku and local officials assigned for that purpose. This activity was prominently seen in Ternate, Tidore, Bacan, Loloda, and other districts in North Halmahera. The authority and dominance of the Sultanate of Ternate and its nobility over the northern and western parts of Halmahera in terms of tax collection and tribute in the form of "ngase" (natural produce) was substantial. Loloda, both in the northern part of Halmahera and its western parts, became an economic powerhouse for the profitable Sultanate of Ternate

[7]

. The rulers and native inhabitants of Loloda in North Halmahera initially did not object to the authority of the Sultanate of Ternate, even considering it a norm since the VOC period until the late 19th century. They were unable to resist the hegemony of the Sultanate of Ternate, supported by the political and military power of the colonial government over their territory.

Nonetheless, the King of Loloda always strived to maintain his own political entity and sovereignty against these two forces. The authority of the kings, sultans, and their officials to collect taxes, both labor tax and income tax in their territories, gradually caused concern for the Dutch Colonial Government. The Ternate residency felt under significant threat of loss if the dominance and authority of tax collection were not immediately taken over from the native rulers and the system changed. After thorough consideration, the Dutch Colonial Government transformed the tax collection system for all residents of the Ternate Residency from a tax on produce (in natura) or land tax (ngase) into a cash tax system (monetization).

(ii). The Deployment of Labor (Rodi)

According to Article 57 of the Government Regulation (RR) of 1815 which became effective in 1868, on October 22, 1894, the Dutch Colonial Government, together with the 26th Sultan of Ternate, Muhammad Ajanhar (1879-1896), and the Sultan of Tidore, Ahmad Qawiyuddin (1867), signed the Agreement on Forced Labor (a system of compulsory labor for public interests imposed on the native population) and Community Services (forced labor programs in areas directly under the administration of the Governorate

[46]

. The agreement came into effect on March 24, 1896. As the labor agreement did not proceed as expected by the colonial government, on June 28, 1909, the forced labor and community service agreements were renewed and signed by the 37th Sultan of Ternate, Muhammad Usman (1896—1929), with the Dutch Colonial Government through the 28th Resident of Ternate, K. H. F. van Roos (1903—1909). The agreement was made to reaffirm the old forced labor system from October 22, 1894, as stipulated in Article 57 of the Government Regulation (RR) of 1815. The delayed enforcement was due to the ineffective implementation of the RR.

The deployment of both bound and free labor, whether based on contracts with wages or voluntary free labor without contractual ties and wages throughout the Residency of Ternate, sparked debates. Contracted labor with predetermined wages usually only applied to imported labor from outside the Residency of Ternate. Meanwhile, there were efforts by the colonial government to eliminate the deployment of imported labor due to budgetary considerations. The Dutch Colonial Government always sought ways to ensure that the deployment of native population labor through the heerendiensten and gemeentediensten programs was voluntary without pay and without guarantees, even with a work contract. The colonial government sought to remove guarantees of health care, transportation, food, and decent housing for native workers. The deployment of free and voluntary labor from the native population was expected by the Dutch to proceed smoothly for various tasks. Plans to abolish the sending of paid labor, for example, from Banda and Timor along with all their equipment to be replaced with a cheap voluntary labor system without pay, were rejected by the king of Loloda (Alfares Banggai [1895—1906]), the Sultan of Ternate (Muhammad Haji Usman [1902—1914]), Tidore (Ahmad Qawiyuddin [1867]), and Bacan (Patra Muhammad Usman Syah [1900—1935]).

On February 9, 1909, in Loloda, there was an event of resistance led by Kapita Sikuru from Soa village, Laba. When viewed on a coordination scale, it appears that the resistance was very planned. In the view of the Resident of Ternate, K. H. F. van Roos, the people's resistance movement in Loloda was considered just a riot and usual unrest. However, apparently the Resident of Ternate did not suffice with sending only a platoon of fully armed soldiers consisting of 30 personnel to Loloda on February 14, 1909, under the command of Lieutenant Maihuizen. It seems the resident also requested assistance of a fleet of eight troop transport ships from Manokwari, Papua, through Ambon. The fleet was dispatched to Loloda to suppress the resistance of Kapita Sikuru and his followers.

(iii). Activity of Missionary Work

In 1865, a year before the end of the Government of the Moluccas Islands, in North Maluku, the Christianization activities began to be carried out by a Protestant missionary association called Utrechtsche Zending Vereniging (UZV), which was established in Utrecht, the Netherlands. The association started its mission in North Maluku during the reign of P. van der Crab (1863-1867) as the Resident of Ternate, who requested UZV to operate in Halmahera. The main task and function of the organization was to carry out Christianization movements in Maluku, North Maluku, Sulawesi, and Papua. The request was granted by the UZV leadership in the Netherlands, and on April 14, 1866, the first group of UZV pastors arrived in Galela. This group consisted of two ministers, Van Dijken and H. H. Bode, followed by a third minister, Klaessen. The following year, the fourth minister, Been, also arrived

[1, 2, 10]

The success of van Baarda in baptizing the Dorume people made some people in other villages such as Asmiro, Salangade (Tobo-Tobo), and Jikolamo interested in embracing the Protestant Christian faith. Furthermore, the fear of King Loloda, Alfarus Banggai (1895—1906), and his followers also became a reason for them not to return to their hometowns

[8, 10, 23, 40, 44, 45]

. King Loloda and his Muslim subjects considered that the Christianization activities carried out by the UZV missionaries had threatened the power of King Loloda over the entire West Coast and the northern peninsula of Halmahera

[44, 45]

3.6. Integration of Loloda into the Power of Ternate and the Collapse of Colonial Dutch Power

3.6.1. The End of the Kapita Sikuru Resistance and Its Impact

The residents of Loloda, especially the Alifuru people who were involved in the Kapita Sikuru resistance, were pursued and captured by Dutch patrols. Once captured, they were given various punishments ranging from forced labor to imprisonment and execution. Forced labor involved tasks such as building roads and bridges for the benefit of the colonial government. The people of Loloda immortalized the resistance events of Loloda people under the leadership of Kapita Sikuru in a local poem entitled "Kolano Madodaga" or "the end of the king"

[22, 35, 36]

, The poem reads as follows:

"Kapal dai Lalaweri, Sordano Walanda Na Kapal; Isa yo parang Laba; ma sarsan o uci; ma komdan o ginado; Hongi ma kapita nage; ma kapita, Kapita Sikuru; masongo-songo Bagina; Madiki-diki Kayoa; Mamegi una Tasa; Suba Jou Kolano Malamo-lamo; Au le". (It seems the ship is sailing; The ship belongs to the Dutch Army; Let's fight together with the Laba people; When the soldier (sergeant) descends; The commander asks; who is the fleet commander; And we answer, the captain, Kapita Sikuru; Bagina as his companion; Kayoa as his messenger (brain); And Tasa as the guide; Worshiping the Noble King; Kill").

The above excerpt shows that the Loloda people's resistance under the leadership of Kapita Sikuru and his followers utilized guerrilla tactics, making the sea a means of resistance against the Dutch Colonial Government forces. This battle event had significant impacts on the political entity and sovereignty of Loloda in the world of Maluku, further strengthening Ternate's authority with the support of the political and military authorities of the Dutch Colonial Government. Referring to the Amsterdam Baru newspaper and the Dutch General Trade Magazine published on Saturday, March 13, 1909

[11]

, this falls under the category of onlusten or ongeregeldheden

[24, 43]

(disturbances), as shown in the following excerpt:

Ternate. Aan de “Deli Cour”. Werd uit Buitenzorg het volgende gemeld: De Resident van Ternate seinde 14 Febr., dat de aanvoerders van onlusten te Loloda gevangen genomen zijn, waarbij Arruser, de broeder van den Radja van Loloda zich bevindt en de Radja zelf met twee rijksgrooten, die weten van den moord op de ontslaken Labareezen. Er waren 3 dooden en 8 gewonden. De schuldige kampongs worden gestraft met weg-arbeid” (Ternate. To the "Deli Cour". The following was reported from Buitenzorg: The Resident of Ternate signaled on February 14th that the leaders of the disturbances in Loloda had been captured, among them Arruser, the brother of the Radja of Loloda, and the Radja himself with two high officials, who knew about the murder of the Labareese refugees. There were 3 dead and 8 wounded. The guilty villages were punished with forced labor).

A year after the resistance event, a new newspaper was published in 1910

[43]

reporting the following:

“Reeds het vorig jaar hebben lieden van deze voort nabij Loloda aan de Noordkust ongeregeldheden verwekt, waarbij de bestuurs-assistent Rooij en twee oppassers werdeu vermoord” (Already last year, people from the area near Loloda on the North Coast caused disturbances, where the administrative assistant Rooij and two guards were killed").

The newspaper excerpt above indicates: first, the category of resistance events in Loloda as disturbances, and second, information about the Dutch government official's name who was killed in the resistance event, an Assistant Government official of a rank equal to the deputy head of Onderafdeeling named van Rooij

[43]

. The King and nobles of Loloda involved in the riot as identified by the Dutch were Syamsuddin Syah (kolano), Arafane (Kapita Lao), Sikuru (Kapita), Kayoa (kaicil=prince), Tasha (guide), and Bagina (guard). Another commonly used term in relation to Kapita Sikuru's resistance, found in newspapers, is verzet

[24]

, a Dutch word meaning 'resistance' or 'opposition' in English.

3.6.2. Loloda: The End of a Kingdom in North Maluku

The significant political impact in the history of Loloda after the resistance of Kapita Sikuru from the village of Laba and the dismissal of the last Kolano of Loloda, Syamsuddin Syah (1906-1909), was the dissolution of Loloda as the Maluku Kingdom de facto, but de jure only occurred entirely in 1915, coinciding with the death of the last King of Loloda in exile in Ternate. The Kolano passed away in Ternate in 1915 after being previously exiled to Java. The king's (kolano) status was changed by the Dutch to only a Sangaji (district head) who at that time was still equivalent to a regent (district head), but since independence until around the 1960s was demoted one level lower to the sub-district level, which means that the Sangaji position is only equivalent to a sub-district head as seen today in Loloda. From 1909 to 1915, there was a power vacuum in Loloda. The Loloda Palace as a symbol of Loloda Kingdom's power had been destroyed since 1909. Six years later, in 1915, coinciding with the year of the death of Kolano Syamsuddin Syah, Loloda had truly ended as one of the Maluku Kingdoms. Along with the takeover of sovereignty and governing rights of Sultanate of Ternate, Tidore, and Bacan from their respective thrones.

The Collapse of Dutch East Indies Colonial Government in 1942 and the Presence of Japan

In 1942, Japan invaded the North Maluku region and successfully conquered the Netherlands, marking the beginning of the end of the Dutch East Indies Colonial Government's power in this region. Subsequently, on April 6, 1942, all the authority of the Dutch East Indies Colonial Government was officially taken over by the Japanese occupying army. Thus, North Maluku officially fell under Japanese rule. In early 1943, Japan began to build its military bases in several areas in North Maluku. Japanese occupation forces started to establish their military bases in various locations in Halmahera and Morotai. To construct their military facilities, the Japanese forces forced people to work without pay and with insufficient food. For example, in the construction of two military airfields in Galela. In addition to using forced labor from the local population, Japan also brought in forced labor from Loloda in Halmahera and Morotai. The construction of the military airfields only ended after the Allied forces (the United States, England, the Netherlands, and Australia) successfully occupied Morotai Island while relentlessly bombing Japanese military defense bases in North and Central Halmahera. This series of events began on September 15, 1944, when the Allied forces, from the South West Pacific Command unit led by General Douglas McArthur from the United States, managed to land on Morotai

[3]

Before carrying out a series of bombings on Japanese military defense bases, the Allies urged the people on the mainland and islands of Halmahera to evacuate to safe places to protect themselves. The people of Loloda, especially those in the southern part, were advised to evacuate to Kahatola Island (an island near Loloda Bay) where they would receive protection from the Allies. According to information from one of Loloda's descendants, Haji Abdul Malik, after the people of Loloda were evacuated to Kahatola Island, his father, Haji Djami bin Syamsuddin, who was serving as the gemeente of South Loloda, was escorted by the Allies to Morotai using a speedboat. Upon arrival in Morotai, he was then provided with a firearm by the Allies as a precaution against potential attacks by Japanese forces

[35]

4. Conclusion

The conclusion that can be drawn based on the discussion of the Research Results on: The Dynamics of the Economy, Politics, and Military of the Kerajaan Loloda in North Maluku (1817 – 1942) above, is that despite being under the hegemony of the Sultanate of Ternate and the Dutch Colonial Government since the signing of the first three contracts (contracts of 1817, 1822, and 1824) between the Sultanate of Ternate and the Dutch Colonial Government, Loloda was still able to carry out its economic, political, and military roles both for the internal interests of its kingdom and for the interests of the Sultanate of Ternate and the Dutch Colonial Government. The economic role of Loloda includes its contribution in the field of: the production of agricultural products; its political role includes its willingness to sign political contracts agreed upon by the Sultanate of Ternate and the Dutch Colonial Government, since the return of the Dutch to power in North Maluku (1817-1942). Loloda, during that period even though claimed by Ternate as a vassal kingdom, the kingdom was not always willing to follow whatever Ternate commanded, especially when it came to fulfilling the economic, political, and military interests of the Dutch. This was evidenced by the outbreak of the Loloda people's rebellion known as the Laba War in 1906-1909, led by Kapita Sikuru, which culminated on February 14, 1909. The rebellion resulted in the official closure of the Kerajaan Loloda in 1915 by being incorporated into the authority of the Sultanate of Ternate by the Dutch Colonial Government, until the collapse of the colonial government in 1942.

Abbreviations

ANRI	Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia (National Archieve of Indonesian Republic)
ENI	Ecyclopaediae van Nederlands Indie (Ensiklopedia Hindia Belanda)
HND-NI	Het Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch-Indie
MvO	Memorie van Overgave (Memori Serah Terima Jabatan)
NAC-AH	Nieuwe Amsterdamsche Courant, Algemeen Handelsblad
NRC	Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant (Rotterdam New Newspaper)
PNRI	Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia (National Library of Indonesian Republic)
RR	Regeering Reglement (the Government Regulation)
VOC	Veerenigde Oost Indische Compagnie (Nederlands East Indian Company, Perhimpunan Dagang Hindia Timur Belanda)
UZV	Utrechtsche Zending Vereniging (the Christianization activities began to be carried out by a Protestant missionary association called, which was established in Utrecht, the Netherlands

Acknowledgments

This scientific research article would not have been completed properly according to the procedures and schedules set if it were not for the help of other individuals and parties. Therefore, on this occasion, the writing team would like to express their gratitude to: the Rector of Khairun University, the Dean and Vice Dean II of the Faculty of Cultural Sciences, and the Khairun University Research and Community Service Institution. The individuals and parties mentioned above have assisted the writing team both administratively and financially, facilitating the research conducted by the team both indoors and in the field. The writing team also extends their thanks to all reviewers who have provided criticism and suggestions for improvement from the research proposal to the completion of this article.

Author Contributions

Abd Rahman: Author, Writer, Researcher, Methode, Coceptualization, Methodology, Correspondence, Contributor, Resources.

Rusli Muhammad Said: Conceptualization

Data Availability Statement

The data supporting the outcome of this research work has been reported in this manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Appendix

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Figure 1. Map of Loloda Kingdom Territory in South East Asia Islands (Source: Processed from Leonard Y. Andaya, 1993. The world of Maluku. Eastern Indonesia in Early Modern Period. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, peta 1, p. vi.).

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Figure 3. Map of Loloda in Halmahera Islands, North Maluku (Source: National Libray of Indonesian Republic, 2015).

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Figure 4. Map of North Loloda Island and South Loloda Island, in Halmahera Islands, North Maluku (Source: National Libray of Indonesian Republic, 2015).

Table 1. List of Loloda Kings (Kolano) Succession from the Early 19th Century to the Early 21st Century.

No.	Periodisasi/Masa Jabatan	Raja (Kolano)
1	1822—1830	M. Djae
2	1830—1833	Buba
3	1833—1857	Djoboriki
4	1857—1895	Sunia
5	1895—1906	Alfiris Banggai (Kolano)
6	1906—1915	Syamsuddin Syah (Kolano)
7	1915—1977	Haji Djami bin Syamsuddin (Jougugu/Kolano)
8	1977—2008	Bayan Haji Syamsuddin (Jougugu/Kolano)
9	2008—2016	Lutfi Syamsudin (Jogugu Kolano)
10	2016--sekarang	Suaib bin Syamsuddin Syah (Jougugu/Kolano)

Source: Compiled from the manuscript of the Loloda Kings (Kolano) lineage in the bare Arabic language version from the 17th century. Obtained from the residence of the late Jougugu Loloda, Bayan Haji Abd. Malik bin Syamsuddin (1977—2018) in Soa-Sio Loloda through the Chief Secretary of the Loloda Customary Institution Mr. Mustafa Mansur, around the year 2003.

Table 2. Traditional Institution Structure in North Maluku: Bobato 18, Kolano Lamo Representatives from 5 Kingdoms/Sultan Council.

Sultan of Ternate	Sultan of Tidore	Sultan of Bacan	Sultan of Jailolo	Sultan/Raja/Kolano=Jougugu Loloda
Tau Raha (Komisi 4)	Tau Raha (Komisi 4)	Tau Raha (Komisi 4)	Tau Raha (Komisi 4)	Tau Raha (Komisi Ngaruga)=Komisi 4
1. Jougugu 2. Tuli-Lamo 3. Hukum Soa Sio 4. Hukum Sangaji Bobato Dunia Bobato Akhirat	1. Jougugu 2. Tuli-Lamo 3. Kapita Kie 4. Hukum Soa Sio Bobato Dunia Bobato Akhirat	1. Jougugu 2. Tuli-Lamo 3. Qadhi 4. Kapita Ngofa Bobato Dunia Bobato Akhirat	1. Jougugu 2. Tuli-Lamo 3. Kapita Lau 4. Qadhi Bobato Dunia Bobato Akhirat	Kapita Kie, Hukum Soasio, Hukum Bakun Malamo, and Sowohi Bobato Dunia Bobato Akhirat

Source: Processed from van Frassen (1985 & 1987); Marasabessy, et.al. (2012), and Dinsie & Taib (2008): vii).

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Figure 5. Loloda Farmers in Halmahera, North Maluku, Harvesting Sago (Source: Tropenmuseum Collection / Photo: Military Exploration of Dutch New Guinea [1907-1915]).

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Figure 6. A Group of Male Dancers Performing in Front of the Palace of the Loloda Kingdom (Source: Collectie Tropenmuseum Portret van een groep mannen Loloda-baai. English: Portrait of a group men, Loloda Bay/Nederlands: Foto. Militaire Exploratie van Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea [1907-1915]).

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Figure 7. A Dutch Newspaper Coverage About The Death of Van Rooij (Dutch Government Administrative Assistant) at the Hands of the Loloda Rebels (Source: Nieuwe Amsterdamsche Courant, Algemeen Handelsblad, Maandag, 19 December 1910, No. 26465 editie, van 4 uur, 83^e jaar, Halmaheira deel, hlm. 9 dari 12).

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Figure 8. Attachment of Contract Manuscript Ternate-Dutch, 1824: Tractaat Tusschen het Nederlandsch Gouvernement en Zijn Hoogheid den Sultan van Ternate Tadjul Mulkie Amiroedien Iskandar Kawoleine Syah, gesloten den 8 de April 1824 (Attachment to the Contract Manuscript Ternate-Netherlands, 1824: Treaty Between the Dutch Government and His Highness the Sultan of Ternate Tadjul Mulkie Amiroedien Iskandar Kawoleine Syah, concluded on April 8, 1824). Evidence of the presence of Captain Laut Loloda (Malik) in the Treaty Between the Dutch Government and His Highness the Sultan of Ternate Tadjul Mulkie Amiroedien Iskandar Kawoleine Syah, concluded on April 8, 1824 (Source: Collection of Nusantara Manuscripts Part of the Ternate Manuscript Archive Bundle No. Inv. 12, MF.62/L.I/4/A, bundle 8 Box 113, in Arabic and Latin letters. Malay and Dutch languages in the National Library of Indonesia collection [PNRI]).

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Rahman, A., Said, R. M. (2024). The Kingdom of Loloda: The Dynamics of Economic, Political, and Military in North Maluku During the Dutch Collonial Power (1817-1942). Science Research, 12(3), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12

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Rahman, A.; Said, R. M. The Kingdom of Loloda: The Dynamics of Economic, Political, and Military in North Maluku During the Dutch Collonial Power (1817-1942). Sci. Res. 2024, 12(3), 47-59. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12

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Rahman A, Said RM. The Kingdom of Loloda: The Dynamics of Economic, Political, and Military in North Maluku During the Dutch Collonial Power (1817-1942). Sci Res. 2024;12(3):47-59. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12

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@article{10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12,
  author = {Abd Rahman and Rusli Muhammad Said},
  title = {The Kingdom of Loloda: The Dynamics of Economic, Political, and Military in North Maluku During the Dutch Collonial Power (1817-1942)
},
  journal = {Science Research},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  pages = {47-59},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sr.20241203.12},
  abstract = {This research was conducted based on the fact that the Loloda Kingdom had been lost in history since 1322. The remark that in that year, Loloda did not attend the meeting of the Maluku kings who succeeded in forming the Moti Alliance (Motir Verbond [1322-1343]) which was initiated by the King of Ternate VII, Sida Arif Malamo (1322-1331). Since that year also Loloda, considered not part of the "world of Maluku". Furthermore, de jure, during the VOC period (1627-1800), all Loloda was declared to have disappeared, because Ternate was annexed during the reign of Sultan Amir Hamzah (1627-1648). But de facto, the political structure of the Loloda kingdom actually still existed during that period in the Northwest Coast of Halmahera. The results showed that the cooperation between Ternate and the Dutch colonial government since 1817 through political contracts on the grounds of mutually beneficial cooperation and friendship, actually caused all of Loloda's economic, political and military power to be weakened and taken over by Ternate to Dutch interests. Although Loloda was in the shadow of the power of Ternate and the Netherlands, the kingdom was still able to carry out its economic, political and military functions during the period 1817-1942, even though it was under the control of Ternate with the consent of the Dutch. This study aims to explain the existence of the presence of the Loloda Kingdom in the economic, political, and military dynamics that occurred in North Maluku until the collapse of the power of the Dutch Colonial Government in Indonesia in 1942. This study uses historical research methods, with the following stages: 1) tracing and collecting sources historical sources from literature, archives, field, and documentation (heuristics); 2) analysis and synthesis (criticism, verification, and validation of data; 3) interpretation of the results of analysis and data synthesis; and 4) writing history (historiography).
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Kingdom of Loloda: The Dynamics of Economic, Political, and Military in North Maluku During the Dutch Collonial Power (1817-1942)

AU  - Abd Rahman
AU  - Rusli Muhammad Said
Y1  - 2024/06/13
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12
T2  - Science Research
JF  - Science Research
JO  - Science Research
SP  - 47
EP  - 59
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-0927
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12
AB  - This research was conducted based on the fact that the Loloda Kingdom had been lost in history since 1322. The remark that in that year, Loloda did not attend the meeting of the Maluku kings who succeeded in forming the Moti Alliance (Motir Verbond [1322-1343]) which was initiated by the King of Ternate VII, Sida Arif Malamo (1322-1331). Since that year also Loloda, considered not part of the "world of Maluku". Furthermore, de jure, during the VOC period (1627-1800), all Loloda was declared to have disappeared, because Ternate was annexed during the reign of Sultan Amir Hamzah (1627-1648). But de facto, the political structure of the Loloda kingdom actually still existed during that period in the Northwest Coast of Halmahera. The results showed that the cooperation between Ternate and the Dutch colonial government since 1817 through political contracts on the grounds of mutually beneficial cooperation and friendship, actually caused all of Loloda's economic, political and military power to be weakened and taken over by Ternate to Dutch interests. Although Loloda was in the shadow of the power of Ternate and the Netherlands, the kingdom was still able to carry out its economic, political and military functions during the period 1817-1942, even though it was under the control of Ternate with the consent of the Dutch. This study aims to explain the existence of the presence of the Loloda Kingdom in the economic, political, and military dynamics that occurred in North Maluku until the collapse of the power of the Dutch Colonial Government in Indonesia in 1942. This study uses historical research methods, with the following stages: 1) tracing and collecting sources historical sources from literature, archives, field, and documentation (heuristics); 2) analysis and synthesis (criticism, verification, and validation of data; 3) interpretation of the results of analysis and data synthesis; and 4) writing history (historiography).

VL  - 12
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Abd Rahman

Department of History, Faculty of Humanities, Khairun University, Ternate, Indonesia

Biography: Abd Rahman, S.S., M.Si. is a senior lecturer at History Department of Universitas Khairun, Ternate. He acquired his Ph. D. in Department of History, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia in 2019, and his Master of Science of Postgraduate Program from Department Sociology, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makaassar, Indonesia in 2002, and earned his bachelor’s degree from the history study program, Faculty of Literature, in the same university, in 1997. He once held the position of head of the History Study Program, Faculty of Letters and Culture, Universitas Khairun, Ternate (2009-2013) and head of the Quality Assurance Unit (UPM) of the same faculty in 2020-2022. Now he is the Secretary of the Center for Educational Development at the Institute for Educational Development and Quality Assurance (PPP-LP3M) at the same university since 2022. He has participated in a number of research conference and written scientific papers from local to international level.

Research Fields: Rural History , Socio-Economic Changes in Rural Area, History of Colonialism and Imperialism, Maritime History, Indigeneaous and People's Resistance, Politics and Local Government , Socio-Economic History, Military History, Social Changes, Asian History

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http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2604-1372
Rusli Muhammad Said

Department of History, Faculty of Humanities, Khairun University, Ternate, Indonesia

Biography: Rusli Muhammad Said, S.S., M.Hum. is a lecturer at History Department of Universitas Khairun, Ternate, Indonesia. He acquired his Master of Humaniora (M. Hum) in Department of History, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung, Indonesia in 2007, and his earned his bachelor’s degree from the history study program, at Faculty of Letters and Culture of Universitas Khairun in 2013. Now he is the Head of Historical Laboratory of History De-partment, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Khairun, Ter-nate, Indonesia. He has participated in a number of research confer-ence and written scientific papers from local to national level.

Research Fields: Social and Politic History, Local History, Journalism History, Culture and Ethnography, Tourism Conservation

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3685-8557

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Rahman, A., Said, R. M. (2024). The Kingdom of Loloda: The Dynamics of Economic, Political, and Military in North Maluku During the Dutch Collonial Power (1817-1942). Science Research, 12(3), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12

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Rahman, A.; Said, R. M. The Kingdom of Loloda: The Dynamics of Economic, Political, and Military in North Maluku During the Dutch Collonial Power (1817-1942). Sci. Res. 2024, 12(3), 47-59. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12

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AMA Style

Rahman A, Said RM. The Kingdom of Loloda: The Dynamics of Economic, Political, and Military in North Maluku During the Dutch Collonial Power (1817-1942). Sci Res. 2024;12(3):47-59. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12

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@article{10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12,
  author = {Abd Rahman and Rusli Muhammad Said},
  title = {The Kingdom of Loloda: The Dynamics of Economic, Political, and Military in North Maluku During the Dutch Collonial Power (1817-1942)
},
  journal = {Science Research},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  pages = {47-59},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sr.20241203.12},
  abstract = {This research was conducted based on the fact that the Loloda Kingdom had been lost in history since 1322. The remark that in that year, Loloda did not attend the meeting of the Maluku kings who succeeded in forming the Moti Alliance (Motir Verbond [1322-1343]) which was initiated by the King of Ternate VII, Sida Arif Malamo (1322-1331). Since that year also Loloda, considered not part of the "world of Maluku". Furthermore, de jure, during the VOC period (1627-1800), all Loloda was declared to have disappeared, because Ternate was annexed during the reign of Sultan Amir Hamzah (1627-1648). But de facto, the political structure of the Loloda kingdom actually still existed during that period in the Northwest Coast of Halmahera. The results showed that the cooperation between Ternate and the Dutch colonial government since 1817 through political contracts on the grounds of mutually beneficial cooperation and friendship, actually caused all of Loloda's economic, political and military power to be weakened and taken over by Ternate to Dutch interests. Although Loloda was in the shadow of the power of Ternate and the Netherlands, the kingdom was still able to carry out its economic, political and military functions during the period 1817-1942, even though it was under the control of Ternate with the consent of the Dutch. This study aims to explain the existence of the presence of the Loloda Kingdom in the economic, political, and military dynamics that occurred in North Maluku until the collapse of the power of the Dutch Colonial Government in Indonesia in 1942. This study uses historical research methods, with the following stages: 1) tracing and collecting sources historical sources from literature, archives, field, and documentation (heuristics); 2) analysis and synthesis (criticism, verification, and validation of data; 3) interpretation of the results of analysis and data synthesis; and 4) writing history (historiography).
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Kingdom of Loloda: The Dynamics of Economic, Political, and Military in North Maluku During the Dutch Collonial Power (1817-1942)

AU  - Abd Rahman
AU  - Rusli Muhammad Said
Y1  - 2024/06/13
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12
T2  - Science Research
JF  - Science Research
JO  - Science Research
SP  - 47
EP  - 59
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-0927
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20241203.12
AB  - This research was conducted based on the fact that the Loloda Kingdom had been lost in history since 1322. The remark that in that year, Loloda did not attend the meeting of the Maluku kings who succeeded in forming the Moti Alliance (Motir Verbond [1322-1343]) which was initiated by the King of Ternate VII, Sida Arif Malamo (1322-1331). Since that year also Loloda, considered not part of the "world of Maluku". Furthermore, de jure, during the VOC period (1627-1800), all Loloda was declared to have disappeared, because Ternate was annexed during the reign of Sultan Amir Hamzah (1627-1648). But de facto, the political structure of the Loloda kingdom actually still existed during that period in the Northwest Coast of Halmahera. The results showed that the cooperation between Ternate and the Dutch colonial government since 1817 through political contracts on the grounds of mutually beneficial cooperation and friendship, actually caused all of Loloda's economic, political and military power to be weakened and taken over by Ternate to Dutch interests. Although Loloda was in the shadow of the power of Ternate and the Netherlands, the kingdom was still able to carry out its economic, political and military functions during the period 1817-1942, even though it was under the control of Ternate with the consent of the Dutch. This study aims to explain the existence of the presence of the Loloda Kingdom in the economic, political, and military dynamics that occurred in North Maluku until the collapse of the power of the Dutch Colonial Government in Indonesia in 1942. This study uses historical research methods, with the following stages: 1) tracing and collecting sources historical sources from literature, archives, field, and documentation (heuristics); 2) analysis and synthesis (criticism, verification, and validation of data; 3) interpretation of the results of analysis and data synthesis; and 4) writing history (historiography).

VL  - 12
IS  - 3
ER  -

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