Estimation of Depth and Charge Weight for a Shallow Underwater Explosion Using cut off Frequencies and Ray-Trace Modeling

So Gu Kim; Yefim Gitterman; Orlando Camargo Rodriguez

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11

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Estimation of Depth and Charge Weight for a Shallow Underwater Explosion Using cut off Frequencies and Ray-Trace Modeling

So Gu Kim, Yefim Gitterman, Orlando Camargo Rodriguez

Published in Science Research (Volume 1, Issue 6)

Received: 20 November 2013 Published: 20 December 2013

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Abstract

In this paper we utilized an additional forward model to estimate the detonation depth using normal modes (cutoff frequencies) to estimate the detonation depth and net explosive weight. With detonation depth the net explosive weight for a shallow underwater explosion could also be determined. The hydroacoustic wave propagation in shallow channel was confirmed via ray-tracing method. We found cutoff frequencies of the reflection off the ocean bottom to be 8.5 Hz, 25 Hz, and 43 Hz while the cutoff frequency of the reflection off the free surface to be 45 Hz including 1.01 Hz for the bubble pulse, and also found the cutoff frequency of surface reflection to well fit the ray-trace modeling. Our findings led us to the net explosive weight of the ROKS Cheonan to be approximately 136 kg TNT at a depth of about 8 m within an ocean depth of around 44 m.

Published in	Science Research (Volume 1, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11
Page(s)	75-78
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2013. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Cutoff Frequency, Total Reflection, Ray-Trace Modeling, Cycle Distance, Bubble Pulse, Net Explosive Weight

References

[1]	S. G. Kim, and Y. Gitterman, "Underwater explosion (UWE) analysis of the ROKS Cheonan Incident," Pure and Applied Geophysics, vol. 170, pp. 547-560, 2013. DOI:10.1007/ s00024-012-0554-9.
[2]	S. G. Kim, "Forensic seismology and boundary element method application vis-à-vis the ROKS Cheonan underwater explosion," Journal of Marine Science and Application, vol. 12, pp. 422-433, 2013. DOI: 10.1007/ s11804-013-1213-y.
[3]	B. Nicolas, J. Mars, and J. Lacome, "Geoacoustical parameters estimation with impulsive and boat noise sources," IREE J. of Oceanic Engineering, vol. 28 (3), pp. 494-503, 2003.
[4]	R. J. Urick, Principles of Underwater Sound. 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, pp. 172-201, 1983.
[5]	X. Lurton, An Introduction to Underwater Acoustics: Principles and Applications. Praxis Publishing, Chichester, UK. pp. 13-58, 2002.
[6]	O. C. Rodriguez, J. Collis, J. Simpson, E. Ey, J. Scheiderwind, and P. Felissberto, "Seismo- acoustic ray model benchmarking against experimental tank data," J. of Acoust. Soc. Am. vol. 132 (2), pp. 709-717, 2012.
[7]	M. B. Porter and H. P. Bucker, "Gaussian beam tracing for computing ocean acoustic Fields," J. of Acoust. Soc. Am. vol. 82 (4), pp. 1349-1359, 1987.
[8]	A. Shapira, "T phases from underwater explosions off the coast of Israel," Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. vol. 71 (4), pp. 1049-1059, 1981.
[9]	D.E. Weston, "Wave shifts, beam shifts, and their role in modal and adiabatic propagation," J. of Acoust. Soc. Am. vol. 96 (1), pp. 406-417, 1994.
[10]	C. T. Tindle, D. E. Weston, and S. G. Payne, "Cycle distances and attenuation in shallow water," J. of Acoust. Soc. Am. vol. 68 (5), pp. 1489-1492, 1980.

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APA Style

So Gu Kim, Yefim Gitterman, Orlando Camargo Rodriguez. (2013). Estimation of Depth and Charge Weight for a Shallow Underwater Explosion Using cut off Frequencies and Ray-Trace Modeling. Science Research, 1(6), 75-78. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11

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ACS Style

So Gu Kim; Yefim Gitterman; Orlando Camargo Rodriguez. Estimation of Depth and Charge Weight for a Shallow Underwater Explosion Using cut off Frequencies and Ray-Trace Modeling. Sci. Res. 2013, 1(6), 75-78. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11

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AMA Style

So Gu Kim, Yefim Gitterman, Orlando Camargo Rodriguez. Estimation of Depth and Charge Weight for a Shallow Underwater Explosion Using cut off Frequencies and Ray-Trace Modeling. Sci Res. 2013;1(6):75-78. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11

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@article{10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11,
  author = {So Gu Kim and Yefim Gitterman and Orlando Camargo Rodriguez},
  title = {Estimation of Depth and Charge Weight for a Shallow Underwater Explosion Using cut off Frequencies and Ray-Trace Modeling},
  journal = {Science Research},
  volume = {1},
  number = {6},
  pages = {75-78},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sr.20130106.11},
  abstract = {In this paper we utilized an additional forward model to estimate the detonation depth using normal modes (cutoff frequencies) to estimate the detonation depth and net explosive weight.  With detonation depth the net explosive weight for a shallow underwater explosion could also be determined.  The hydroacoustic wave propagation in shallow channel was confirmed via ray-tracing method. We found cutoff frequencies of the reflection off the ocean bottom to be 8.5 Hz, 25 Hz, and 43 Hz while the cutoff frequency of the reflection off the free surface to be 45 Hz including 1.01 Hz for the bubble pulse, and also found the cutoff frequency of surface reflection to well fit the ray-trace modeling.  Our findings led us to the net explosive weight of the ROKS Cheonan to be approximately 136 kg TNT at a depth of about 8 m within an ocean depth of around 44 m.},
 year = {2013}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Estimation of Depth and Charge Weight for a Shallow Underwater Explosion Using cut off Frequencies and Ray-Trace Modeling
AU  - So Gu Kim
AU  - Yefim Gitterman
AU  - Orlando Camargo Rodriguez
Y1  - 2013/12/20
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11
T2  - Science Research
JF  - Science Research
JO  - Science Research
SP  - 75
EP  - 78
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-0927
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11
AB  - In this paper we utilized an additional forward model to estimate the detonation depth using normal modes (cutoff frequencies) to estimate the detonation depth and net explosive weight.  With detonation depth the net explosive weight for a shallow underwater explosion could also be determined.  The hydroacoustic wave propagation in shallow channel was confirmed via ray-tracing method. We found cutoff frequencies of the reflection off the ocean bottom to be 8.5 Hz, 25 Hz, and 43 Hz while the cutoff frequency of the reflection off the free surface to be 45 Hz including 1.01 Hz for the bubble pulse, and also found the cutoff frequency of surface reflection to well fit the ray-trace modeling.  Our findings led us to the net explosive weight of the ROKS Cheonan to be approximately 136 kg TNT at a depth of about 8 m within an ocean depth of around 44 m.
VL  - 1
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

So Gu Kim

Korea Seismological Institute, Goyang, 410-734, Republic of Korea
Yefim Gitterman

Geophysical Institute of Israel, P.O. BOX, 182, Lod, 71100, Israel
Orlando Camargo Rodriguez

University of Algarve, LARSyS, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

So Gu Kim, Yefim Gitterman, Orlando Camargo Rodriguez. (2013). Estimation of Depth and Charge Weight for a Shallow Underwater Explosion Using cut off Frequencies and Ray-Trace Modeling. Science Research, 1(6), 75-78. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11

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ACS Style

So Gu Kim; Yefim Gitterman; Orlando Camargo Rodriguez. Estimation of Depth and Charge Weight for a Shallow Underwater Explosion Using cut off Frequencies and Ray-Trace Modeling. Sci. Res. 2013, 1(6), 75-78. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11

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AMA Style

So Gu Kim, Yefim Gitterman, Orlando Camargo Rodriguez. Estimation of Depth and Charge Weight for a Shallow Underwater Explosion Using cut off Frequencies and Ray-Trace Modeling. Sci Res. 2013;1(6):75-78. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11,
  author = {So Gu Kim and Yefim Gitterman and Orlando Camargo Rodriguez},
  title = {Estimation of Depth and Charge Weight for a Shallow Underwater Explosion Using cut off Frequencies and Ray-Trace Modeling},
  journal = {Science Research},
  volume = {1},
  number = {6},
  pages = {75-78},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sr.20130106.11},
  abstract = {In this paper we utilized an additional forward model to estimate the detonation depth using normal modes (cutoff frequencies) to estimate the detonation depth and net explosive weight.  With detonation depth the net explosive weight for a shallow underwater explosion could also be determined.  The hydroacoustic wave propagation in shallow channel was confirmed via ray-tracing method. We found cutoff frequencies of the reflection off the ocean bottom to be 8.5 Hz, 25 Hz, and 43 Hz while the cutoff frequency of the reflection off the free surface to be 45 Hz including 1.01 Hz for the bubble pulse, and also found the cutoff frequency of surface reflection to well fit the ray-trace modeling.  Our findings led us to the net explosive weight of the ROKS Cheonan to be approximately 136 kg TNT at a depth of about 8 m within an ocean depth of around 44 m.},
 year = {2013}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Estimation of Depth and Charge Weight for a Shallow Underwater Explosion Using cut off Frequencies and Ray-Trace Modeling
AU  - So Gu Kim
AU  - Yefim Gitterman
AU  - Orlando Camargo Rodriguez
Y1  - 2013/12/20
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11
T2  - Science Research
JF  - Science Research
JO  - Science Research
SP  - 75
EP  - 78
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-0927
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11
AB  - In this paper we utilized an additional forward model to estimate the detonation depth using normal modes (cutoff frequencies) to estimate the detonation depth and net explosive weight.  With detonation depth the net explosive weight for a shallow underwater explosion could also be determined.  The hydroacoustic wave propagation in shallow channel was confirmed via ray-tracing method. We found cutoff frequencies of the reflection off the ocean bottom to be 8.5 Hz, 25 Hz, and 43 Hz while the cutoff frequency of the reflection off the free surface to be 45 Hz including 1.01 Hz for the bubble pulse, and also found the cutoff frequency of surface reflection to well fit the ray-trace modeling.  Our findings led us to the net explosive weight of the ROKS Cheonan to be approximately 136 kg TNT at a depth of about 8 m within an ocean depth of around 44 m.
VL  - 1
IS  - 6
ER  -

Copy | Download