Determination of Chemical Constituents and Trace Elements in Ground Drinking Water Around Chiro Town, West Hararghe, Ethiopia

Yoobsan Ejeta Amensisa; Berhanu Amenu Abdeta; Amanuel Ayale Gobosho; Mizbawu Kanea Gurmu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11

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Determination of Chemical Constituents and Trace Elements in Ground Drinking Water Around Chiro Town, West Hararghe, Ethiopia

Yoobsan Ejeta Amensisa^*

, Berhanu Amenu Abdeta

, Amanuel Ayale Gobosho

, Mizbawu Kanea Gurmu

Published in Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry (Volume 13, Issue 4)

Received: 15 October 2025 Accepted: 25 October 2025 Published: 19 December 2025

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Abstract

This study evaluated the physicochemical quality of two drinking water samples collected from the Addis Ketema borewell and Arba Rakkatte, and designated as AK and AR, respectively, to evaluate their compliance with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Ethiopian Compulsory Standards (ECS) for potable water. Thirteen parameters were analyzed, including pH, total dissolved and suspended solids (TDS and TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), alkalinity, and selected trace metals (Mn, Ni, Fe, and Zn). The results showed that the pH values (6.92–7.01) were within the permissible range, while TDS (470–560mg/L) and TSS (0mg/L) indicated good mineral balance. The COD values were zero, suggesting the absence of organic pollution. However, total hardness values (382.08–418.56mg/L) slightly exceeded the Ethiopian limit (300mg/L), primarily due to high calcium and magnesium concentrations. All trace metal concentrations (Mn, Ni, Fe, Zn) were well below permissible limits, indicating negligible contamination from metallic sources. Overall, both samples met the essential WHO and ECS requirements, except for hardness, which categorizes the water as very hard but not harmful to health. The findings confirm that the water is safe for drinking and household use; nevertheless, mild softening treatment is recommended to improve domestic suitability.

Published in	Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry (Volume 13, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11
Page(s)	77-83
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Drinking Water Quality, Chemical Analysis, Heavy Metals, Chiro, Health, Hardness

References

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[3]	R. M. Ramanuj, V. Vijaykumar, and S. Varjani, “Quality Evaluation of Ground Water from Borewell for Its Drinking and Agricultural Use,” p. 1991, 2018.
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[12]	Ethiopian Standards Agency. Compulsory Ethiopian Standard CES 58, Drinking water specifications. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Standards Agency; 2013, pp. 4-8. https://www.cmpethiopia.org/media/ethiopian_drinking_water_quality_standard_2013
[13]	Z. A. Napacho and S. V Manyele, “Quality assessment of drinking water in Temeke District (part II): Characterization of chemical parameters,” vol. 4, no. November, pp. 775–789, 2010. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajest.v4i11.71349
[14]	E. I. Hammad, M. R. Al-Agha, and Y. El-Nahhal, “Enhancing Biogas Production: Influence of Mixing Caw and Chicken Manures,” Energy and Power Engineering, vol. 10, no. 08, pp. 383–397, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4236/epe.2018.108024
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APA Style

Amensisa, Y. E., Abdeta, B. A., Gobosho, A. A., Gurmu, M. K. (2025). Determination of Chemical Constituents and Trace Elements in Ground Drinking Water Around Chiro Town, West Hararghe, Ethiopia. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 13(4), 77-83. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11

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ACS Style

Amensisa, Y. E.; Abdeta, B. A.; Gobosho, A. A.; Gurmu, M. K. Determination of Chemical Constituents and Trace Elements in Ground Drinking Water Around Chiro Town, West Hararghe, Ethiopia. Sci. J. Anal. Chem. 2025, 13(4), 77-83. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11

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AMA Style

Amensisa YE, Abdeta BA, Gobosho AA, Gurmu MK. Determination of Chemical Constituents and Trace Elements in Ground Drinking Water Around Chiro Town, West Hararghe, Ethiopia. Sci J Anal Chem. 2025;13(4):77-83. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11

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@article{10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11,
  author = {Yoobsan Ejeta Amensisa and Berhanu Amenu Abdeta and Amanuel Ayale Gobosho and Mizbawu Kanea Gurmu},
  title = {Determination of Chemical Constituents and Trace Elements in Ground Drinking Water Around Chiro Town, West Hararghe, Ethiopia},
  journal = {Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
  volume = {13},
  number = {4},
  pages = {77-83},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjac.20251304.11},
  abstract = {This study evaluated the physicochemical quality of two drinking water samples collected from the Addis Ketema borewell and Arba Rakkatte, and designated as AK and AR, respectively, to evaluate their compliance with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Ethiopian Compulsory Standards (ECS) for potable water. Thirteen parameters were analyzed, including pH, total dissolved and suspended solids (TDS and TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), alkalinity, and selected trace metals (Mn, Ni, Fe, and Zn). The results showed that the pH values (6.92–7.01) were within the permissible range, while TDS (470–560mg/L) and TSS (0mg/L) indicated good mineral balance. The COD values were zero, suggesting the absence of organic pollution. However, total hardness values (382.08–418.56mg/L) slightly exceeded the Ethiopian limit (300mg/L), primarily due to high calcium and magnesium concentrations. All trace metal concentrations (Mn, Ni, Fe, Zn) were well below permissible limits, indicating negligible contamination from metallic sources. Overall, both samples met the essential WHO and ECS requirements, except for hardness, which categorizes the water as very hard but not harmful to health. The findings confirm that the water is safe for drinking and household use; nevertheless, mild softening treatment is recommended to improve domestic suitability.},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Determination of Chemical Constituents and Trace Elements in Ground Drinking Water Around Chiro Town, West Hararghe, Ethiopia
AU  - Yoobsan Ejeta Amensisa
AU  - Berhanu Amenu Abdeta
AU  - Amanuel Ayale Gobosho
AU  - Mizbawu Kanea Gurmu
Y1  - 2025/12/19
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11
T2  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JF  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JO  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
SP  - 77
EP  - 83
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-8053
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11
AB  - This study evaluated the physicochemical quality of two drinking water samples collected from the Addis Ketema borewell and Arba Rakkatte, and designated as AK and AR, respectively, to evaluate their compliance with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Ethiopian Compulsory Standards (ECS) for potable water. Thirteen parameters were analyzed, including pH, total dissolved and suspended solids (TDS and TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), alkalinity, and selected trace metals (Mn, Ni, Fe, and Zn). The results showed that the pH values (6.92–7.01) were within the permissible range, while TDS (470–560mg/L) and TSS (0mg/L) indicated good mineral balance. The COD values were zero, suggesting the absence of organic pollution. However, total hardness values (382.08–418.56mg/L) slightly exceeded the Ethiopian limit (300mg/L), primarily due to high calcium and magnesium concentrations. All trace metal concentrations (Mn, Ni, Fe, Zn) were well below permissible limits, indicating negligible contamination from metallic sources. Overall, both samples met the essential WHO and ECS requirements, except for hardness, which categorizes the water as very hard but not harmful to health. The findings confirm that the water is safe for drinking and household use; nevertheless, mild softening treatment is recommended to improve domestic suitability.
VL  - 13
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Yoobsan Ejeta Amensisa

Department of Food Tech. and Process Eng., Oda Bultum University, Chiro, Ethiopia

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0004-8010-851X
Berhanu Amenu Abdeta

Department of Chemistry, Oda Bultum University, Chiro, Ethiopia

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3703-5007
Amanuel Ayale Gobosho

Department of Food Tech. and Process Eng., Oda Bultum University, Chiro, Ethiopia

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0005-9363-4022
Mizbawu Kanea Gurmu

Department of Environmental Engineering, Bule Hora University, West Guji Zone, Ethiopia

http://orcid.org/0009-0007-3795-1706

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APA Style

Amensisa, Y. E., Abdeta, B. A., Gobosho, A. A., Gurmu, M. K. (2025). Determination of Chemical Constituents and Trace Elements in Ground Drinking Water Around Chiro Town, West Hararghe, Ethiopia. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 13(4), 77-83. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11

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ACS Style

Amensisa, Y. E.; Abdeta, B. A.; Gobosho, A. A.; Gurmu, M. K. Determination of Chemical Constituents and Trace Elements in Ground Drinking Water Around Chiro Town, West Hararghe, Ethiopia. Sci. J. Anal. Chem. 2025, 13(4), 77-83. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11

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AMA Style

Amensisa YE, Abdeta BA, Gobosho AA, Gurmu MK. Determination of Chemical Constituents and Trace Elements in Ground Drinking Water Around Chiro Town, West Hararghe, Ethiopia. Sci J Anal Chem. 2025;13(4):77-83. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11

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@article{10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11,
  author = {Yoobsan Ejeta Amensisa and Berhanu Amenu Abdeta and Amanuel Ayale Gobosho and Mizbawu Kanea Gurmu},
  title = {Determination of Chemical Constituents and Trace Elements in Ground Drinking Water Around Chiro Town, West Hararghe, Ethiopia},
  journal = {Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
  volume = {13},
  number = {4},
  pages = {77-83},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjac.20251304.11},
  abstract = {This study evaluated the physicochemical quality of two drinking water samples collected from the Addis Ketema borewell and Arba Rakkatte, and designated as AK and AR, respectively, to evaluate their compliance with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Ethiopian Compulsory Standards (ECS) for potable water. Thirteen parameters were analyzed, including pH, total dissolved and suspended solids (TDS and TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), alkalinity, and selected trace metals (Mn, Ni, Fe, and Zn). The results showed that the pH values (6.92–7.01) were within the permissible range, while TDS (470–560mg/L) and TSS (0mg/L) indicated good mineral balance. The COD values were zero, suggesting the absence of organic pollution. However, total hardness values (382.08–418.56mg/L) slightly exceeded the Ethiopian limit (300mg/L), primarily due to high calcium and magnesium concentrations. All trace metal concentrations (Mn, Ni, Fe, Zn) were well below permissible limits, indicating negligible contamination from metallic sources. Overall, both samples met the essential WHO and ECS requirements, except for hardness, which categorizes the water as very hard but not harmful to health. The findings confirm that the water is safe for drinking and household use; nevertheless, mild softening treatment is recommended to improve domestic suitability.},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Determination of Chemical Constituents and Trace Elements in Ground Drinking Water Around Chiro Town, West Hararghe, Ethiopia
AU  - Yoobsan Ejeta Amensisa
AU  - Berhanu Amenu Abdeta
AU  - Amanuel Ayale Gobosho
AU  - Mizbawu Kanea Gurmu
Y1  - 2025/12/19
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11
T2  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JF  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JO  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
SP  - 77
EP  - 83
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-8053
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20251304.11
AB  - This study evaluated the physicochemical quality of two drinking water samples collected from the Addis Ketema borewell and Arba Rakkatte, and designated as AK and AR, respectively, to evaluate their compliance with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Ethiopian Compulsory Standards (ECS) for potable water. Thirteen parameters were analyzed, including pH, total dissolved and suspended solids (TDS and TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), alkalinity, and selected trace metals (Mn, Ni, Fe, and Zn). The results showed that the pH values (6.92–7.01) were within the permissible range, while TDS (470–560mg/L) and TSS (0mg/L) indicated good mineral balance. The COD values were zero, suggesting the absence of organic pollution. However, total hardness values (382.08–418.56mg/L) slightly exceeded the Ethiopian limit (300mg/L), primarily due to high calcium and magnesium concentrations. All trace metal concentrations (Mn, Ni, Fe, Zn) were well below permissible limits, indicating negligible contamination from metallic sources. Overall, both samples met the essential WHO and ECS requirements, except for hardness, which categorizes the water as very hard but not harmful to health. The findings confirm that the water is safe for drinking and household use; nevertheless, mild softening treatment is recommended to improve domestic suitability.
VL  - 13
IS  - 4
ER  -

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