Exploring Urban Greenery: A Case Study of Roadside Trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City

Aashish Gautam

doi:doi:10.11648/j.larp.20240901.12

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Exploring Urban Greenery: A Case Study of Roadside Trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City

Aashish Gautam^*

Published in Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning (Volume 9, Issue 1)

Received: 28 April 2024 Accepted: 14 May 2024 Published: 15 July 2024

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Abstract

Roadside trees play a crucial role as important components of urban greenery, significantly enhancing the overall quality of cities and ultimately contributing to the quality of life for residents and visitors alike. This study examines the condition, maintenance, and proximity of roadside trees to electric wire corridors in Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal. This study employs field surveys, categorization based on tree attributes, and mapping techniques to analyze the distribution and characteristics of roadside trees. Out of approximately 1500 trees initially collected, 1435 were processed for further analysis. Trees were classified by species, height, condition, and the presence of fencing or resting structures (Chautaro), with proximity to electric wire corridors also assessed. Findings reveal a significant presence of trees in good condition, predominantly Dhupi, Kapur and Ashoka species, with a notable percentage requiring maintenance. A substantial number of trees were found in close proximity to electric wires, posing potential hazards. Mapping techniques facilitated visualizing the spatial distribution of trees, aiding in urban planning and management strategies. The study underscores the importance of sustainable urban greening practices and the need for proactive measures to address challenges related to tree maintenance and safety in urban environments like Pokhara Metropolitan City. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of roadside trees in enhancing the aesthetic appeal and quality of city life, positioning them as decisive factors in shaping urban environments and fostering a welcoming atmosphere for residents and visitors.

Published in	Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning (Volume 9, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.larp.20240901.12
Page(s)	11-24
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Roadside Trees, Urban Greenery, Pokhara, GPS Survey, Chautaro

2. Methodology

The methodology employed for this study involved a comprehensive approach to data collection, transfer, analysis, and map preparation to assess the attributes of roadside trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City. The data collection process began with the utilization of the kobocollect mobile application, which facilitated the systematic recording of point data for each tree's location and other relevant attributes. These attributes included latitude, longitude, altitude, address, the name of the tree, presence of fencing, diameter measurement, tree category, estimated height, presence of chautaro (traditional resting place), proximity to electric wires, overall tree condition, and photographic documentation.

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Figure 2. Overview of Methodology.

To ensure accurate measurements, handheld GPS devices were used to record the geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) of each roadside tree. Additionally, the diameter of each tree was measured using a diameter tape, providing precise measurements for further analysis. However, due to practical constraints, tree height was estimated through visual assessment, relying on eye judgment to determine approximate heights.

The data collected through kobcollect were then transferred to the KoboToolbox server and subsequently downloaded in .csv format for further processing. This process facilitated efficient data management and analysis. The collected data, including tree species, scientific names, and attribute information, were imported into ArcGIS 10.8 in .shp format using export tools.

Once imported into ArcGIS, the data were utilized to prepare thematic maps depicting various attributes such as tree species distribution, presence of fencing, proximity to electric wires, and overall tree condition. These maps provided visual representations of the spatial distribution and characteristics of roadside trees within Pokhara Metropolitan City.

The entire survey process, including data collection, transfer, and analysis, took approximately one week to complete. This time-frame allowed for thorough data collection and analysis while ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the findings.

In summary, the methodology employed in this study encompassed a systematic approach to data collection, transfer, analysis, and map preparation, facilitating a comprehensive assessment of roadside trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City. Through the utilization of advanced tools and techniques, this study aimed to provide valuable insights into the distribution, characteristics, and management of urban greenery within the study area.

3. Result

3.1. Datasets Preparation

After processing and cleaning the collected data, a final table summarizing the attributes of roadside trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City was created. The table provides detailed information on each tree, including its geographical coordinates, altitude, address, tree species, diameter, height, presence of fencing, proximity to electric wires, overall condition, and scientific name. This comprehensive dataset allows for a detailed analysis of the distribution, characteristics, and management status of roadside trees in the study area.

Below is a sample excerpt from the final table:

Table 2. Sample of road side trees with location information and key attributes.

S.N.	Latitude	Longitude	ScientificName	Fencing	Categorey	Chautaro	Electricwire	Condition
1	28.24189	83.98877	crapemyrtles	Yes	Small	Yes	Yes	Good
2	28.23377	83.99022	Nyctanthes arbor-tristis	No	Medium	Yes	No	Good
4	28.23078	83.99127	Cinnamomum camphora	No	Medium	No	Yes	Good
5	28.24173	83.98874	Schizolobium parahyba	No	Medium	No	No	Good
6	28.23073	83.99127	Schizolobium parahyba	No	Medium	Yes	Yes	Good
7	28.23061	83.99131	Cinnamomum camphora	No	Medium	Yes	Yes	Good
8	28.24099	83.98879	Schizolobium parahyba	Yes	Medium	Yes	Yes	Good
9	28.23078	83.99128	Cinnamomum camphora	Yes	Small	No	No	Good
10	28.23075	83.99119	Cinnamomum camphora	No	Medium	No	Yes	Good

This final table serves as a valuable resource for understanding the spatial distribution, species composition, and management status of roadside trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City.

3.2. Key Attribute Visualization

Bar diagrams and charts were generated to provide graphical representations of specific attributes and trends related to roadside trees. These visual aids included diagrams depicting the height categories, tree species composition, fencing coverage, and the prevalence of trees near electric wires.

Scientific Name

With the assistance of friends from forestry college and utilizing the internet, the scientific names of each species were identified, along with their local names and photos.

The bar diagram in Figure 3 indicates that there are approximately 288 Juniperus indica, followed by 253 Cinnamomum camphora, and 226 Saraca asoca. Additionally, 316 trees were recorded as "others," consisting of Areca catechu (39), Ficus religiosa (35), Cinnamomum tamala (32), among others.

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Figure 3. Bar Diagram showing number of trees Vs scientific name.

Height Categories:

In order to gain insights into the height and its impact on the surrounding environment, we categorized the height into three groups: small, medium, and large. Trees with a height below 3 meters are classified as small. Trees with a height above 3 meters and below 10 meters are categorized as medium, while trees above 10 meters are classified as large.

The pie chart in Figure 4 illustrates that around 635 trees fall into the small category, with the majority being pine trees. Additionally, 652 trees fall into the medium category, with the highest number being ashoka trees. Finally, 142 trees, including sacred trees like pipal and bar, are categorized as large.

Table 3. Local name of Road Side Trees o left and Scientfic name on rightLocal name of Road Side Trees o left and Scientfic name on rightLocal name of Road Side Trees o left and Scientfic name on right

Local Name	Scientific Name
Dhupi	Juniperus Indica
Kapur	Cinnamomum camphora
Ashoka	Saraca asoca
Baar	Ficus benghalensis
Pipal	Ficus religiosa

Presence of Fencing

In our study, we defined a fence as a structure enclosed by a round metal bar or wooden structure.

Out of 1435 trees surveyed, approximately 58% were provided with fencing, with the majority enclosed by a round metal structure, as depicted in Figure 5. It was observed that the fencing and plantation activities were predominantly carried out by youth clubs and NGOs located in Pokhara on significant occasions. On the other hand, around 42% of the trees were not provided with fencing. Most of these unfenced trees are 8 meters or taller in height and are widely spread. Several of these trees are already in contact with electric wires, posing a potential hazard.

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Figure 4. 3D: Pie Chart showing the number of trees Vs height categorized in small, medium and large.

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Figure 5. Doughnut-chart showing Number of Trees VS Presence of Fencing.

Overall Condition

In our study, we also categorized trees according to their appearance, distinguishing between trees in good condition, those requiring further maintenance, those that have been chopped down, and dead trees. Four categories were created based on tree condition.

The pie chart in Figure 6 illustrates that out of 1435 trees surveyed:

1) 1229 trees were in good condition, indicating that they were well-shaped, well-watered, and had a healthy green appearance.

2) Approximately 9% (136 trees) required further maintenance, suggesting the need for trimming and additional watering.

3) 56 trees were chopped down, evidenced by long stems with few green leaves and clear visible chop marks.

4) 14 out of 1435 trees were dead and must be replaced by new plants.

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Figure 6. Pie of Pie-chart showing overall condition of trees and their percentage out of 100.

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Figure 7. Pie-chart showing Number of Trees Vs Presence of chautaro's.

Presence of Chautaro

"Chautaro" typically refers to a raised platform or pedestal often found in traditional Nepali architecture. It's commonly used as a place for resting, socializing, or conducting community activities. Chautaro are usually made of stone or concrete and may have trees planted around them.

The pie chart in Figure 7 indicates that around 3% of the 1435 trees surveyed, totaling 48 trees, have structures such as concrete, metal, or wooden seating areas where people can sit and relax for some time. These resting places, known as "Chautaro," are scattered throughout all areas of Pokhara.Proximity to Electric Wires

In most cities in Nepal, roadside trees are often planted directly below the electric wire corridor. While trees like pine may not pose a hindrance to the electric wire corridor, trees like Ashoka and kapur, over time, may grow in height and eventually come into contact with the electric wires. In our survey conducted in the roads of Pokhara, we observed a large number of trees in close proximity to the electric wires, with some already touching them, and a few growing taller than the electric wires.

The pie chart in Figure 8 illustrates that out of the 1435 trees counted:

- 18% (256 trees) were found to be touching electric wires.

- Although 1179 trees were not touching electric wires, nearly forty percent of them were in close proximity to the electric wires and may come into contact with them within a year or so.

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Figure 8. Bar of Pie-chart showing Number of Trees touching electric wire.

3.3. Map Preparation

Following the creation of the final table summarizing the attributes of roadside trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City and key attribute visualization in bar diagrams and charts, the datasets was utilized to generate thematic maps. Thematic maps were constructed using ArcGIS software at a scale of 1:1000 to illustrate the spatial distribution of various attributes, including tree species distribution, presence of fencing, proximity to electric wires, and overall tree condition.

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Figure 9. Map of Roadside Trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City, with trees having chautaro represented by light brown color.

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Figure 10. Map of Roadside Trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City, with trees touching electric wires represented by red color.

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Figure 11. Map of Roadside Trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City, with trees having fencing represented by red color.

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Figure 12. Map of Roadside Trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City, with trees divided into category of large, medium and small for height of trees >10 meter, 3-10 meter and <3 meter respectively.

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Figure 13. Map of Roadside Trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City, with trees divided into Good, Unmaintained, Dead and Chopdown.

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Figure 14. Map of Roadside Trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City, divided according to their scientific name.

Overall, the combination of the final table, thematic maps, bar diagrams, charts, and statistical analyses provided a comprehensive overview of the attributes and management status of roadside trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City. These results contribute valuable insights into the urban greenery landscape, aiding in the development of informed management strategies for maintaining and enhancing the city's roadside tree ecosystem.

4. Conclusion

The assessment of roadside trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City has provided valuable insights into their distribution, characteristics, and management status. Through the systematic collection of data and analysis of attributes such as tree species, diameter, height, fencing, and proximity to electric wires, several key findings have emerged.

Firstly, the study revealed a diverse range of tree species present along urban streets and roads, contributing to the aesthetic appeal and environmental quality of the city. However, challenges such as inadequate fencing and trees touching electric wires were observed, posing safety concerns and inconvenience to local residents.

Secondly, the assessment highlighted the importance of effective management strategies for roadside trees to ensure their health, safety, and contribution to urban ecosystems. Sustainable management practices, including regular maintenance, proper fencing, and addressing safety hazards such as trees touching electric wires, are essential for preserving the urban greenery landscape and enhancing the livability of Pokhara Metropolitan City.

5. Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are proposed:

Regular Maintenance: Implement regular maintenance programs to ensure the health and vitality of roadside trees. This includes pruning, watering, and pest control measures to mitigate disease and promote healthy growth.

Proper Fencing: Install and maintain adequate fencing around roadside trees to protect them from damage caused by vehicles, pedestrians, or animals. Proper fencing also enhances the safety of pedestrians and nearby structures.

Addressing Safety Hazards: Take immediate measures to address safety hazards such as trees touching electric wires. Collaborate with local utility providers to relocate or trim trees to mitigate safety risks and alleviate concerns of nearby residents.

Community Engagement: Engage with local communities, including residents and business owners, to raise awareness about the importance of roadside trees and solicit their input in tree management initiatives. Address concerns and seek collaborative solutions to enhance the urban greenery landscape while addressing safety and aesthetic issues.

Continued Monitoring and Evaluation: Establish a monitoring and evaluation framework to assess the effectiveness of management strategies implemented for roadside trees. Regular monitoring of tree health, growth, and safety will inform adaptive management practices and ensure the long-term sustainability of urban greenery in Pokhara Metropolitan City.

It is noteworthy that during the data collection process, locals residing in areas with shops and houses nearby expressed concerns about roadside trees touching electric wires. Their feedback underscores the importance of addressing safety hazards and community concerns in the management of roadside trees, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts between local authorities, utility providers, and residents to ensure the well-being of both trees and the surrounding community.

Abbreviations

CSV	Comma Separated Values
GCS	Geographic Coordinate System
GPS	Global Positioning System
WGS	World Geodetic System

Author Contributions

Aashish Gautam is the sole author. The author read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgments

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to my friends, Manoj Sapkota, Prabin Das, Hari Pathak, Roshan Kafle, and Santosh Poudel, for their unwavering support and assistance during the data collection process. Their dedication and encouragement were invaluable in completing this research. I am truly grateful for their friendship and contributions.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflicts of interest.

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APA Style

Gautam, A. (2024). Exploring Urban Greenery: A Case Study of Roadside Trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City. Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning, 9(1), 11-24. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.larp.20240901.12

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ACS Style

Gautam, A. Exploring Urban Greenery: A Case Study of Roadside Trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City. Landsc. Archit. Reg. Plan. 2024, 9(1), 11-24. doi: 10.11648/j.larp.20240901.12

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AMA Style

Gautam A. Exploring Urban Greenery: A Case Study of Roadside Trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City. Landsc Archit Reg Plan. 2024;9(1):11-24. doi: 10.11648/j.larp.20240901.12

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@article{10.11648/j.larp.20240901.12,
  author = {Aashish Gautam},
  title = {Exploring Urban Greenery: A Case Study of Roadside Trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City
},
  journal = {Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {11-24},
  doi = {10.11648/j.larp.20240901.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.larp.20240901.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.larp.20240901.12},
  abstract = {Roadside trees play a crucial role as important components of urban greenery, significantly enhancing the overall quality of cities and ultimately contributing to the quality of life for residents and visitors alike. This study examines the condition, maintenance, and proximity of roadside trees to electric wire corridors in Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal. This study employs field surveys, categorization based on tree attributes, and mapping techniques to analyze the distribution and characteristics of roadside trees. Out of approximately 1500 trees initially collected, 1435 were processed for further analysis. Trees were classified by species, height, condition, and the presence of fencing or resting structures (Chautaro), with proximity to electric wire corridors also assessed. Findings reveal a significant presence of trees in good condition, predominantly Dhupi, Kapur and Ashoka species, with a notable percentage requiring maintenance. A substantial number of trees were found in close proximity to electric wires, posing potential hazards. Mapping techniques facilitated visualizing the spatial distribution of trees, aiding in urban planning and management strategies. The study underscores the importance of sustainable urban greening practices and the need for proactive measures to address challenges related to tree maintenance and safety in urban environments like Pokhara Metropolitan City. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of roadside trees in enhancing the aesthetic appeal and quality of city life, positioning them as decisive factors in shaping urban environments and fostering a welcoming atmosphere for residents and visitors.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Exploring Urban Greenery: A Case Study of Roadside Trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City

AU  - Aashish Gautam
Y1  - 2024/07/15
PY  - 2024
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DO  - 10.11648/j.larp.20240901.12
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AB  - Roadside trees play a crucial role as important components of urban greenery, significantly enhancing the overall quality of cities and ultimately contributing to the quality of life for residents and visitors alike. This study examines the condition, maintenance, and proximity of roadside trees to electric wire corridors in Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal. This study employs field surveys, categorization based on tree attributes, and mapping techniques to analyze the distribution and characteristics of roadside trees. Out of approximately 1500 trees initially collected, 1435 were processed for further analysis. Trees were classified by species, height, condition, and the presence of fencing or resting structures (Chautaro), with proximity to electric wire corridors also assessed. Findings reveal a significant presence of trees in good condition, predominantly Dhupi, Kapur and Ashoka species, with a notable percentage requiring maintenance. A substantial number of trees were found in close proximity to electric wires, posing potential hazards. Mapping techniques facilitated visualizing the spatial distribution of trees, aiding in urban planning and management strategies. The study underscores the importance of sustainable urban greening practices and the need for proactive measures to address challenges related to tree maintenance and safety in urban environments like Pokhara Metropolitan City. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of roadside trees in enhancing the aesthetic appeal and quality of city life, positioning them as decisive factors in shaping urban environments and fostering a welcoming atmosphere for residents and visitors.

VL  - 9
IS  - 1
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Author Information

Aashish Gautam

Department of Geomatics Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Pashchimanchal Campus, Pokhara, Nepal

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0009-1896-5680

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Table 2

Table 2. Sample of road side trees with location information and key attributes.
Table 3

Table 3. Local name of Road Side Trees o left and Scientfic name on rightLocal name of Road Side Trees o left and Scientfic name on right

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Gautam, A. (2024). Exploring Urban Greenery: A Case Study of Roadside Trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City. Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning, 9(1), 11-24. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.larp.20240901.12

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ACS Style

Gautam, A. Exploring Urban Greenery: A Case Study of Roadside Trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City. Landsc. Archit. Reg. Plan. 2024, 9(1), 11-24. doi: 10.11648/j.larp.20240901.12

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AMA Style

Gautam A. Exploring Urban Greenery: A Case Study of Roadside Trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City. Landsc Archit Reg Plan. 2024;9(1):11-24. doi: 10.11648/j.larp.20240901.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.larp.20240901.12,
  author = {Aashish Gautam},
  title = {Exploring Urban Greenery: A Case Study of Roadside Trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City
},
  journal = {Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {11-24},
  doi = {10.11648/j.larp.20240901.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.larp.20240901.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.larp.20240901.12},
  abstract = {Roadside trees play a crucial role as important components of urban greenery, significantly enhancing the overall quality of cities and ultimately contributing to the quality of life for residents and visitors alike. This study examines the condition, maintenance, and proximity of roadside trees to electric wire corridors in Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal. This study employs field surveys, categorization based on tree attributes, and mapping techniques to analyze the distribution and characteristics of roadside trees. Out of approximately 1500 trees initially collected, 1435 were processed for further analysis. Trees were classified by species, height, condition, and the presence of fencing or resting structures (Chautaro), with proximity to electric wire corridors also assessed. Findings reveal a significant presence of trees in good condition, predominantly Dhupi, Kapur and Ashoka species, with a notable percentage requiring maintenance. A substantial number of trees were found in close proximity to electric wires, posing potential hazards. Mapping techniques facilitated visualizing the spatial distribution of trees, aiding in urban planning and management strategies. The study underscores the importance of sustainable urban greening practices and the need for proactive measures to address challenges related to tree maintenance and safety in urban environments like Pokhara Metropolitan City. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of roadside trees in enhancing the aesthetic appeal and quality of city life, positioning them as decisive factors in shaping urban environments and fostering a welcoming atmosphere for residents and visitors.
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Exploring Urban Greenery: A Case Study of Roadside Trees in Pokhara Metropolitan City

AU  - Aashish Gautam
Y1  - 2024/07/15
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.larp.20240901.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.larp.20240901.12
T2  - Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning
JF  - Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning
JO  - Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning
SP  - 11
EP  - 24
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-4374
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.larp.20240901.12
AB  - Roadside trees play a crucial role as important components of urban greenery, significantly enhancing the overall quality of cities and ultimately contributing to the quality of life for residents and visitors alike. This study examines the condition, maintenance, and proximity of roadside trees to electric wire corridors in Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal. This study employs field surveys, categorization based on tree attributes, and mapping techniques to analyze the distribution and characteristics of roadside trees. Out of approximately 1500 trees initially collected, 1435 were processed for further analysis. Trees were classified by species, height, condition, and the presence of fencing or resting structures (Chautaro), with proximity to electric wire corridors also assessed. Findings reveal a significant presence of trees in good condition, predominantly Dhupi, Kapur and Ashoka species, with a notable percentage requiring maintenance. A substantial number of trees were found in close proximity to electric wires, posing potential hazards. Mapping techniques facilitated visualizing the spatial distribution of trees, aiding in urban planning and management strategies. The study underscores the importance of sustainable urban greening practices and the need for proactive measures to address challenges related to tree maintenance and safety in urban environments like Pokhara Metropolitan City. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of roadside trees in enhancing the aesthetic appeal and quality of city life, positioning them as decisive factors in shaping urban environments and fostering a welcoming atmosphere for residents and visitors.

VL  - 9
IS  - 1
ER  -

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