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Influence of Apple Mosaic Virus on the Growth, Yield, and Qualities of Saaz Hop

Received: 30 July 2017     Accepted: 21 August 2017     Published: 8 September 2017
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Abstract

The aim of this study is to elucidate the influence of apple mosaic virus (ApMV) infection on Saaz hop in the Saaz region of Czech Republic. The comparison between virus free and ApMV infection for the growth, yield and qualoties of Saaz hop was studied in one test garden in detail over two consecutive years (2010 and 2011). ApMV weakened vegetative growth and decreased hop cone yield. ApMV infection resulted in a decrease in the production of humulone (alpha acid) and essential oil. The composition of terpene compounds, which contribute to the hoppy aroma of beer, were also affected. ApMV-infected hop cones had lower ratio of mono-terpenes, and higher ratio of sesqui-terpenes than those derived from uninfected plants. Beer brewed using ApMV-infected hops had a diminished fruity aroma compared to beer brewed using uninfected hops. From these results, protecting hop plants from ApMV infection is important for maintaining both quantity and quality of hop. In some commercial gardens, it was confirmed that hop plants have been maintained virus-free for over 20 years. This fact suggests that good field practices can protect hop plants from virus infections.

Published in Journal of Plant Sciences (Volume 5, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.jps.20170505.14
Page(s) 152-159
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Beer, Apple Mosaic Virus, Humulus lupulus, Spatial Distribution

References
[1] Fussy, Z.; Matousek, J.; Patzak, J.; Steger, G.; Uhlirova, K., 2013. Hop Stunt Viroid pathogenesis involves a disbalance of hop regulatory genes. Acta Hort., 1010, 113-127.
[2] Fussy, Z.; Patzak, J.; Stehlik, J.; Matousek, J., 2012. Imbalance of hop (Humulus lupulus) chalcone synthase H1 and its regulations during hop stunt viroid pathogenesis. J. Plant Physiol., 170, 88-695.
[3] Inui, T.; Tsuchiya, F.; Ishimaru, M.; Oka, K.; Komura, H., 2013. Different beers with different hops. Relevant compounds for their aroma characteristics. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013, 61, 4758-4764.
[4] Jelinek, L.; Doleckova, M.; Karabin, M.; Hudcova, T.; Kotlikova, B.; Dostalek, P., 2012. Influence of growing area, plant age, and virus infection on the contents of hop secondary metabolites. Czech J. Food Sci., 30, 541-547.
[5] Kishimoto, T.; Kobayashi, M.; Yako, N.; Iida, A.; Wanikawa, A., 2008. Comparison of 4-Mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one contents in hop cultivars from different growing regions. J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 1051-1057.
[6] Kovacevic, M.; and Kac, M., 2002. Determination and verification of hop varieties by analysis of essential oils. Food Chem., 77, 489-494.
[7] Krofta K.; and Kucera, J., 2010. Mathematical model for prediction of alpha acid contents from meteorological data for Saaz aroma variety. Acta Hort., 848, 131-139.
[8] Matousek, J.; Radisek, S.; Jakse, J.; Duraisamy, G. S.; Uhlirova, K.; Orctova, L.; Svoboda, P.; Patzak, J.; Rausche, J., 2013. Biolistic transfer of hop viroid disease syndrome from Slovenian cultivar ‘Celeia’ to Czech hop ‘Osvald’s 72’: pathogenesis symptoms and identification of dominant sequence upon transfer of HpSVs component. Acta Hort., 1010, 121-127.
[9] Matsui, H.; Inui, T.; Ishimaru, M.; Hida, Y.; Oka, K., 2013. The influence of the age of hop plant on the quality of hop aromas in beer. Acta Hort., 1010, 171-182.
[10] Matsui, H.; Inui, T.; Oka, K.; Fukui, N., 2016. The influence of pruning and harvest timing on hop’s aroma, cone appearance and yield. Food Chem., 202, 15-22.
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[12] Pethybridge, S. J.; Hay, F. S.; Wilson, C. R.; Leggett, G. W.; Sherriff, L. J., 2002. Mechanical transmission of Apple Mosaic ilarvirus in Australian hop gardens. Ann. Appl. Biol., 141, 77-85.
[13] Pethybridge, S. J.; Madden, L. V., 2002. Analysis of spatiotemporal dynamics of virus spread in an australian hop garden by stochastic modeling. Plant Dis., 87, 56-62.
[14] Pethybridge, S. J.; Nelson, M. E.; Eastwell, K. C.; Klein, R. E.; Kenny, S. T.; Wilson, C. R., 2002. Incidence and spatial distribution of viruses in hop gardens of Washington State. Plant Dis., 86, 661-665.
[15] Pethybridge, S. J.; Wilson, C. R.; Hay, F. S.; Leggett, G. W.; Sherriff, L. J., 2002. Effect of viruses on agronomic and brewing characteristics of four hop (Humulus lupulus) cultivars in Australia. Ann. Appl. Biol., 140, 97-105.
[16] Sano, T., 2012. History, origin, and diversity of hop stunt disease and hop stunt viroid. Act Hort., 1010, 87-96.
[17] Sharp, D. C.; Townsend, M. S.; Qian, Y.; Shellhammer, T. H., 2014. Effect of harvest maturity on the chemical composition of Cascade and Willamette hops. J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem., 72, 231-238.
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Hiroo Matsui, Kroupa František, Karel Krofta, Jana Snidlova, Takako Inui, et al. (2017). Influence of Apple Mosaic Virus on the Growth, Yield, and Qualities of Saaz Hop. Journal of Plant Sciences, 5(5), 152-159. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20170505.14

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    ACS Style

    Hiroo Matsui; Kroupa František; Karel Krofta; Jana Snidlova; Takako Inui, et al. Influence of Apple Mosaic Virus on the Growth, Yield, and Qualities of Saaz Hop. J. Plant Sci. 2017, 5(5), 152-159. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20170505.14

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    AMA Style

    Hiroo Matsui, Kroupa František, Karel Krofta, Jana Snidlova, Takako Inui, et al. Influence of Apple Mosaic Virus on the Growth, Yield, and Qualities of Saaz Hop. J Plant Sci. 2017;5(5):152-159. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20170505.14

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  • @article{10.11648/j.jps.20170505.14,
      author = {Hiroo Matsui and Kroupa František and Karel Krofta and Jana Snidlova and Takako Inui and Kaneo Oka and Nobuyuki Fukui},
      title = {Influence of Apple Mosaic Virus on the Growth, Yield, and Qualities of Saaz Hop},
      journal = {Journal of Plant Sciences},
      volume = {5},
      number = {5},
      pages = {152-159},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jps.20170505.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20170505.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jps.20170505.14},
      abstract = {The aim of this study is to elucidate the influence of apple mosaic virus (ApMV) infection on Saaz hop in the Saaz region of Czech Republic. The comparison between virus free and ApMV infection for the growth, yield and qualoties of Saaz hop was studied in one test garden in detail over two consecutive years (2010 and 2011). ApMV weakened vegetative growth and decreased hop cone yield. ApMV infection resulted in a decrease in the production of humulone (alpha acid) and essential oil. The composition of terpene compounds, which contribute to the hoppy aroma of beer, were also affected. ApMV-infected hop cones had lower ratio of mono-terpenes, and higher ratio of sesqui-terpenes than those derived from uninfected plants. Beer brewed using ApMV-infected hops had a diminished fruity aroma compared to beer brewed using uninfected hops. From these results, protecting hop plants from ApMV infection is important for maintaining both quantity and quality of hop. In some commercial gardens, it was confirmed that hop plants have been maintained virus-free for over 20 years. This fact suggests that good field practices can protect hop plants from virus infections.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Influence of Apple Mosaic Virus on the Growth, Yield, and Qualities of Saaz Hop
    AU  - Hiroo Matsui
    AU  - Kroupa František
    AU  - Karel Krofta
    AU  - Jana Snidlova
    AU  - Takako Inui
    AU  - Kaneo Oka
    AU  - Nobuyuki Fukui
    Y1  - 2017/09/08
    PY  - 2017
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20170505.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.jps.20170505.14
    T2  - Journal of Plant Sciences
    JF  - Journal of Plant Sciences
    JO  - Journal of Plant Sciences
    SP  - 152
    EP  - 159
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2331-0731
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20170505.14
    AB  - The aim of this study is to elucidate the influence of apple mosaic virus (ApMV) infection on Saaz hop in the Saaz region of Czech Republic. The comparison between virus free and ApMV infection for the growth, yield and qualoties of Saaz hop was studied in one test garden in detail over two consecutive years (2010 and 2011). ApMV weakened vegetative growth and decreased hop cone yield. ApMV infection resulted in a decrease in the production of humulone (alpha acid) and essential oil. The composition of terpene compounds, which contribute to the hoppy aroma of beer, were also affected. ApMV-infected hop cones had lower ratio of mono-terpenes, and higher ratio of sesqui-terpenes than those derived from uninfected plants. Beer brewed using ApMV-infected hops had a diminished fruity aroma compared to beer brewed using uninfected hops. From these results, protecting hop plants from ApMV infection is important for maintaining both quantity and quality of hop. In some commercial gardens, it was confirmed that hop plants have been maintained virus-free for over 20 years. This fact suggests that good field practices can protect hop plants from virus infections.
    VL  - 5
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., Kyoto, Japan

  • Hop Research Institute Co., Ltd., ?atec, Czech Republic

  • Hop Research Institute Co., Ltd., ?atec, Czech Republic

  • Beer Development Department, Suntory Beer Ltd., Osaka, Japan

  • Beer Development Department, Suntory Beer Ltd., Osaka, Japan

  • Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., Kyoto, Japan

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