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‘Flower’ of Magnolia Grandiflora is not Flower and What about ‘Basal Angiosperms’

Received: 16 November 2014     Accepted: 30 November 2014     Published: 15 December 2014
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Abstract

Gynoecial morphology of Magnolia grandiflora is revised, with ‘follicles’ reinterpreted as condensed branching systems forming a flower-like syncupulate infructescence (‘secondary flower). Flowers appear on the main axis in the axils or on basal ramifications of gynoecial paracladia, those developing into fruits being incased by glandular calyptras, commonly perceived as seeds. Fruit wall is formed of zygomorphic corolla tube with persistent calyx and petaloid tepals, containing a solitary inverted seed in the fertile locule, with analogies in diverse ‘eudicots’. These findings imply a reconsideration of ‘basal angiosperms’.

Published in Journal of Plant Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 6)
DOI 10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14
Page(s) 282-292
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2014. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Plant Morphology, Plant Evolution, Flowering Plants, Angiosperm Phylogeny, Angiosperm Paleobotany

References
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[2] D. W. Brett, “The inflorescence of Fagus and Castanea and the evolution of the cupules of the Fagaceae,” New Phytologist, vol. 63, pp. 90–118, 1964.
[3] L. Forman, “On the evolution of cupules in the Fagaceae,” Kew Bull., vol. 118, pp. 385–419, 1966.
[4] G. Prenner, and P. J. Rudall, “Comparative ontogeny of the cyathium in Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) and its allies: exploring the organ–flower–inflorescence boundary,” Am. J. Bot., vol. 94 (10), pp. 1612–1629, October 2007.
[5] A. B. Bobrov, A. P. Melikyan, and M. C. Romanov, Morphogenesis of carpels in the Magnoliophyta, Moscow, Librocom, 2009, 400 pp. (in Russian).
[6] M. Hickey, and C. King, 100 families of flowering plants, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988, 619 pp.
[7] V. H. Heywood, Ed., Flowering plants of the world. New York, Oxford University Press, 1993, 335 pp.
[8] E. M. Mayr, and A. Weber, “Calceolariaceae: Floral development and systematic implications,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 93(3), pp. 327–343, 2006.
[9] J. A. Doyle, and C. I. Hotton, “Diversification of early angiosperm pollen in a cladistic context,” in S. Blackmore, and S. H. Barnes, Eds., Pollen and spores: patterns of diversification, pp. 169–195, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1991.
[10] V. A. Krassilov, Angiosperm origins: morphological and ecological aspects. Pensoft, Sophia, 1997, 270 pp.
[11] V. Krassilov, “Fossil record of angiosperm origin: new evidence and interpretation,” Chapter 2, in Horizons in Earth Science Research, vol. 8, pp. 39–92, New York, Nova Publishers, 2012.
[12] V. A. Krassilov, A. P. Rasnitsyn, and S. A. Afonin, “Pollen eaters and pollen morphology in Paleozoic and Mesozoic plants,” Proc. Fossils X 3 Congress, Pretoria. African Invertebrates, vol. 48 (1), pp. 13–22, 2007.
[13] P. S. Soltis, D. E. Soltis, M. W. Chase, P. K. Endres, and P. R. Crane, “The diversification of flowering plants”, in J. Cracraft, and M. J. Donoghue, Assembling the tree of life, pp.154–167, Oxford, New York, Oxford Univ. Press, 2004.
[14] M. S. Romanov, and D. L. Dilcher, “Fruit structure in Magnoliaceae s.l. and Archaeanthus and their relationships,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 100 (8), pp. 1494–1508, 2013.
[15] V. A. Krassilov, and E. V. Bugdaeva, “An angiosperm cradle community and new proangiosperm taxa,” Acta Palaeobot., Suppl. 2, pp. 111–127, 1999.
[16] V. A. Krassilov, and E. V. Bugdaeva, “Gnetophyte assemblage from the Early Cretaceous of Transbaikalia,” Palaeontographica, Abt. B, vol. 253, pp. 139–151, 2000.
[17] V. A. Vakhrameev, and V. A. Krassilov, “Reproductive organs of angiosperms from the Albian of Kazakhstan,” Palaeontological J. (Moscow), vol. 1, pp. 121–128, 1979. (in Russian).
[18] V. A. Krassilov, and E. B. Volynets, “Weedy Albian angiosperms,” Acta Palaeobotanica, vol. 48 (2), pp. 151–169, 2008.
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  • APA Style

    Valentin Krassilov, Sophia Barinova. (2014). ‘Flower’ of Magnolia Grandiflora is not Flower and What about ‘Basal Angiosperms’. Journal of Plant Sciences, 2(6), 282-292. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14

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    ACS Style

    Valentin Krassilov; Sophia Barinova. ‘Flower’ of Magnolia Grandiflora is not Flower and What about ‘Basal Angiosperms’. J. Plant Sci. 2014, 2(6), 282-292. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14

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    AMA Style

    Valentin Krassilov, Sophia Barinova. ‘Flower’ of Magnolia Grandiflora is not Flower and What about ‘Basal Angiosperms’. J Plant Sci. 2014;2(6):282-292. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14

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  • @article{10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14,
      author = {Valentin Krassilov and Sophia Barinova},
      title = {‘Flower’ of Magnolia Grandiflora is not Flower and What about ‘Basal Angiosperms’},
      journal = {Journal of Plant Sciences},
      volume = {2},
      number = {6},
      pages = {282-292},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jps.20140206.14},
      abstract = {Gynoecial morphology of Magnolia grandiflora is revised, with ‘follicles’ reinterpreted as condensed branching systems forming a flower-like syncupulate infructescence (‘secondary flower). Flowers appear on the main axis in the axils or on basal ramifications of gynoecial paracladia, those developing into fruits being incased by glandular calyptras, commonly perceived as seeds.  Fruit wall is formed of zygomorphic corolla tube with persistent calyx and petaloid tepals, containing a solitary inverted seed in the fertile locule, with analogies in diverse ‘eudicots’. These findings imply a reconsideration of ‘basal angiosperms’.},
     year = {2014}
    }
    

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    AB  - Gynoecial morphology of Magnolia grandiflora is revised, with ‘follicles’ reinterpreted as condensed branching systems forming a flower-like syncupulate infructescence (‘secondary flower). Flowers appear on the main axis in the axils or on basal ramifications of gynoecial paracladia, those developing into fruits being incased by glandular calyptras, commonly perceived as seeds.  Fruit wall is formed of zygomorphic corolla tube with persistent calyx and petaloid tepals, containing a solitary inverted seed in the fertile locule, with analogies in diverse ‘eudicots’. These findings imply a reconsideration of ‘basal angiosperms’.
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Author Information
  • Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel

  • Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel

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