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Determination of Heavy Metals in Soil Samples Along the Shores of River Kaduna, Nigeria

Received: 21 October 2018     Accepted: 1 November 2018     Published: 27 November 2018
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Abstract

Soil samples were collected during dry and wet seasons from 19 sites along the shores of river Kaduna stretching from Kawo in the North to Kudende, an industrial area in the South. The soil samples were analysed for the concentration of seven heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Pb, Cd and Mn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results show that dry season soil contains high level of Fe and Cd with mean values of 718.37±0.01 and 17.59±0.4 mg/kg respectively while wet season soil contains high level of Fe, Cd and Pb with mean values 737.84±0.01, 18.26±0.08 and 410.66±0.09 mg/kg respectively. However, Pb was not detected in the soil samples during the dry season. The mean values obtained from the heavy metals analysed were compared with WHO and EU standard limits and the result shows that the values obtained were above the acceptable range except for Cu values. This study concludes that soil samples along the shores of river Kaduna are polluted and not suitable for agricultural uses. This is attributed to different anthropogenic inputs such as industrial, agricultural, sewage effluent, burning of oil and tyres, plastics, wrapping, dyes, effluent from food, beverage and textile factories that discharges their effluent directly into river Kaduna.

Published in Journal of Biomaterials (Volume 2, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.jb.20180202.13
Page(s) 41-45
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Soil, Industrial, Heavy Metals, River Kaduna

References
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[4] Ideriah, T. J. K., Braide, S. A. and Briggs, A. O., (2005). Distribution of Lead and Total Hydrocarbon in Tissue of Periwinkles (Typanotonus Fuscatus and Pachymelania Aurita) in the upper Bonny River, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental. 10 (2): 135-143.
[5] Ayodele, J. T. and Gimba, I. D., (2002). Heavy Metals in Airborne Harmattan Dust in Kano, Nigeria. Trop Environ. Res. 3 (1): 230-237.
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[7] Adeniyi, A. A. and Afolabi, J. A., (2002). Determination of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals in Soils within the vicinity of facilities handling Refined Petroleum Products in Lagos Metroplolis’ Environ. Int., 34: 102-107.
[8] Fatoki, O. S., (2000). Trace Zinc and Copper Concentration is Roadside Vegetation and Surface Soils: a Measurement of Local Atmospheric Pollution in Alice, South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Studies, 57: 501-513.
[9] European Union’s Commission, EU (2003). Council Directive on the Protection of Environment, and in Particular of Soil, When Sewage Sludge Is Used In Agriculture. 66/278/EEC
[10] Alloway, B. J. (1995). Heavy Metals in Soil within the Vicinity of Facilities Handling Refined Petroleum Products in Lagos Metropolis’, Int., 28: 79-82.
[11] Alexander, M. J. and Pasquini, M. W. (2004), Chemical Properties of Urban Ash produced by Open Burning on the Jos Plateau: Implications for Agriculture’ Sci. Total Environ., 319 (1-3): 225-240.
[12] Akbar, K. F., Hale W. H. G. H. Eadley, A. D. and Athme, M. (2006). Heavy Metal Contamination of Roadside Soils in Northern England. Soil and Water Res. 1 (14): 158-168.
[13] Audu, A. A. and Lawal, A. O., (2005). Variation in Metal Contents of Plants in Vegetable Gardens Sites in Kano Metropolis J. Appl. Sci. 10 (2): 105-109.
[14] John, W. J. and Stephen, G. C., (2000). Critical Evaluation of Multi-element Scheme using Plasma Emission Anhydride Evolution Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for the Analysis of Plants and Animal Tissues. Analysis of Plants and Animal tissues. 2 (7): 353-369.
[15] Fornster, U. and Wittman, C. T. W., (1984). Metal; Pollution in the Aquatic Environment Springer- Verlag, Berlin. Heidelberg New York pp. 17-20.
[16] Anthony, K. and Balwant, S. (2004). Heavy Metals Contamination of Home grown Vegetables near Metal Smelters in N. S. W. Sydney. Journal of applied science, 5 (2): 2-17.
[17] Ansari, T. M. Marr, I. L. and Tarq, N., (2004). Heavy Metal in Marine Pollution Perspective-A Mini Review Journal of Applied Science, 4 (1): 1-20.
[18] Ho, I. B and Tai K. M. (2001). Elevated level of Lead and others Metals in Roadside Soil and Grass and their use to monitor Metal Deposition in Hong Kong. Environmental Pollution. 49: 37-45.
[19] Albasel, N. and Cottenie, A. (1985). Heavy Metal Contamination near major Highways, Industrial and Urban Areas in Belgian Grassland. Water, Air and Soil Pollution. 24: 103-109.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Oladoja Silifat Titilayo, Nwaedozie Jonathan Maduka, Aliyu Adetutu Oluwakemi. (2018). Determination of Heavy Metals in Soil Samples Along the Shores of River Kaduna, Nigeria. Journal of Biomaterials, 2(2), 41-45. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jb.20180202.13

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    ACS Style

    Oladoja Silifat Titilayo; Nwaedozie Jonathan Maduka; Aliyu Adetutu Oluwakemi. Determination of Heavy Metals in Soil Samples Along the Shores of River Kaduna, Nigeria. J. Biomater. 2018, 2(2), 41-45. doi: 10.11648/j.jb.20180202.13

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    AMA Style

    Oladoja Silifat Titilayo, Nwaedozie Jonathan Maduka, Aliyu Adetutu Oluwakemi. Determination of Heavy Metals in Soil Samples Along the Shores of River Kaduna, Nigeria. J Biomater. 2018;2(2):41-45. doi: 10.11648/j.jb.20180202.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.jb.20180202.13,
      author = {Oladoja Silifat Titilayo and Nwaedozie Jonathan Maduka and Aliyu Adetutu Oluwakemi},
      title = {Determination of Heavy Metals in Soil Samples Along the Shores of River Kaduna, Nigeria},
      journal = {Journal of Biomaterials},
      volume = {2},
      number = {2},
      pages = {41-45},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jb.20180202.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jb.20180202.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jb.20180202.13},
      abstract = {Soil samples were collected during dry and wet seasons from 19 sites along the shores of river Kaduna stretching from Kawo in the North to Kudende, an industrial area in the South. The soil samples were analysed for the concentration of seven heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Pb, Cd and Mn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results show that dry season soil contains high level of Fe and Cd with mean values of 718.37±0.01 and 17.59±0.4 mg/kg respectively while wet season soil contains high level of Fe, Cd and Pb with mean values 737.84±0.01, 18.26±0.08 and 410.66±0.09 mg/kg respectively. However, Pb was not detected in the soil samples during the dry season. The mean values obtained from the heavy metals analysed were compared with WHO and EU standard limits and the result shows that the values obtained were above the acceptable range except for Cu values. This study concludes that soil samples along the shores of river Kaduna are polluted and not suitable for agricultural uses. This is attributed to different anthropogenic inputs such as industrial, agricultural, sewage effluent, burning of oil and tyres, plastics, wrapping, dyes, effluent from food, beverage and textile factories that discharges their effluent directly into river Kaduna.},
     year = {2018}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Determination of Heavy Metals in Soil Samples Along the Shores of River Kaduna, Nigeria
    AU  - Oladoja Silifat Titilayo
    AU  - Nwaedozie Jonathan Maduka
    AU  - Aliyu Adetutu Oluwakemi
    Y1  - 2018/11/27
    PY  - 2018
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jb.20180202.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.jb.20180202.13
    T2  - Journal of Biomaterials
    JF  - Journal of Biomaterials
    JO  - Journal of Biomaterials
    SP  - 41
    EP  - 45
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2640-2629
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jb.20180202.13
    AB  - Soil samples were collected during dry and wet seasons from 19 sites along the shores of river Kaduna stretching from Kawo in the North to Kudende, an industrial area in the South. The soil samples were analysed for the concentration of seven heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Pb, Cd and Mn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results show that dry season soil contains high level of Fe and Cd with mean values of 718.37±0.01 and 17.59±0.4 mg/kg respectively while wet season soil contains high level of Fe, Cd and Pb with mean values 737.84±0.01, 18.26±0.08 and 410.66±0.09 mg/kg respectively. However, Pb was not detected in the soil samples during the dry season. The mean values obtained from the heavy metals analysed were compared with WHO and EU standard limits and the result shows that the values obtained were above the acceptable range except for Cu values. This study concludes that soil samples along the shores of river Kaduna are polluted and not suitable for agricultural uses. This is attributed to different anthropogenic inputs such as industrial, agricultural, sewage effluent, burning of oil and tyres, plastics, wrapping, dyes, effluent from food, beverage and textile factories that discharges their effluent directly into river Kaduna.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Federal Ministry of Education, Abuja, Nigeria

  • Department of Chemistry, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria

  • Department of Chemistry, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria

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